Three Effective Ways that Slaves Escaped Slavery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 728 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/14 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Slavery Essay Did you like this example? Three Effective Ways that Slaves Escaped Slavery Slavery have been a great part of history. The first slaves to arrive in North America came in 1619 to Virginia. The slaves were known to be African, and they were used for long term labor mostly in the southern regions of the United States. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Three Effective Ways that Slaves Escaped Slavery" essay for you Create order They were miss treated and sold as possessions giving them no value because of their race. Through those times, slaves found many ways to resist slavery. The consequence of this resistance didnt end well for many, and the result was the executions of these slaves that did resist. Some of the ways that slaves resisted slavery include acts of rebellion, running away, and many other ways. History reveals some of the most prominent slave revolts of the 1800s (Partcities Bristol). The Nat Tuners Rebellion in 1831 is one example. This revolt, out of many, was very successful although many white land owners were able to derail other rebellions before they could happen. This rebellion achieved the fear of many southerners, and portrayed the idea that slavery was in fact benevolent. Slave owners were also affected, in fact, they were portrayed as ruthless and violent as well as some being kind and well-intentioned. This uprising in Virginia clearly revealed that slaves wanted their freedom. The Nat Turners Rebellion 1831 arose from a man named Nat Turner (Doc South). He believed, as an adult, he was to attack the institution of slavery. The rebellion began in February 1831 when Turner saw a sign which was an eclipsed sun he gathered followers and planned. The rebellion lead to the murder of many southern whites. This was the ultimate result of the resistance of slaves in the 1800s. This rebellion, by the time it was finished, had 60 men as followers of Turner. The total effectiveness of this resistance was producing fear in white slave owners, so that they would understand that the slaves also wanted freedom and more benefits for their hard labor. Runaway slaves had one ultimate goal, and this was to find freedom even if it meant to stay hidden. Continuing the line of the 1800s, in 1848 a man by the name of Henry Brown wanted freedom any way he could get it. As an example in history, he escaped in 1849 in a crate that carried him for 27 long hours to New England although not all slaves were this successful. Slaves would not only run away for freedom but also in fear of punishment for disobeying the masters rules. This story doesnt just end here. The most interesting fact is that most slaves didnt run away for permanent slavery but for a way to with hold labor to be able to bargain and negotiate economic struggles. They bargained the amount of free time they were able to enjoy, monetary rewards, access to garden plots, and other rights. Slaves later got the rights they longed for though the emancipation proclamation of Lincoln. Although Lincoln believed that blacks and whites were equal, he didnt think that they deserved the same political and social rights as whites. The emancipation didnt free all the slaves, but in fact it freed slaves in certain states. Therefore, slaves did achieve success in this as well even though it was in the long run. Slaves continued to show their great strength and determination to achieve freedom, but its interesting to see that women also were involved. It is amazing to read about pregnant women would kill their own new born, so that a new slave would not be born into the world. This was a way of depriving slave owners of having another slave for labor. Another way that women slaves showed their resistance was by having extraordinary knowledge about medicine, and they used this skill against slave owners in such a way that it made the slave owners fearful that their food might be poisoned. This knowledge gave these women a sense of power. The effectiveness of slave resistance ended many lives with harsh and brutal punishment; these forms of resistance eventually granted them the freedom they deserved. Even though the true freedom they hoped for didnt really occur until Martin Luther King Jr gave his very famous speech. Even today racism is still seen, but not only for African Americas but for other ethnicities as well. This topic sure has sparked many controversial issues between the races.

Preventing Juvenile Delinquency Essay - 1386 Words

Preventing Juvenile Delinquency The saying is that history often repeats itself. If this is true then society will have to deal with the complex burden of juvenile who eventually become adult criminals. However, if this saying is not true then the community in which juvenile delinquency exist must have the tool necessary to divert the youth in the community. If one is to change delinquent youth’s behavior, they need to variegate the justice system in order to prevent juvenile delinquent recidivisms. Furthermore, understanding the cause of juvenile delinquency is an important key in its prevention. In order to understand the cause of juvenile delinquency the history of the juvenile justice and the varies approach to prevent it must†¦show more content†¦There was a feeling during the progressive era starting 1901 that the justice system should take the responsibility to recover the lives of young offenders before they were sucked into criminal activities. The parenting responsibility was that of the state so that the children got an opportunity to recover. In the year 1967 mot of the cases of juvenile delinquency were tried in juvenile courts. Persons under the age of 18 were tried in juvenile courts. The approach was to use civil proceedings rather than criminal proceedings. However, in 1967 it was held by the Supreme Court that it was necessary for the juvenile courts to use the due process of law† (Zigler, Edward. 1994). The approach after the decision was to encourage the states to develop plans that would discourage juvenile delinquency. In this context the juvenile delinquency Prevention and Control Act 1968 was passed. To strengthen this movement, the Office of juvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention, established The Runaway Youth Program, and The National Institute for Juvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention. The law was The juvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention Act 1974. The law was the juvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention Act 1974. However, the movement received a setback when there was an increase in juvenile crimes during 1980s and 1990s. The 1974 Act was amended to allow states to try juvenilesShow MoreRelated Preventing Juvenile Delinquency Essay2173 Words   |  9 PagesPreventing Juvenile Delinquency There is a saying that history often repeats itself. If this is a true saying, then society will have to deal with the complex issue of juveniles delinquents, who may eventually become adult criminals, as societies in time past dealt with the same conflict. Moreover, if this saying is true then the community in which juvenile delinquencies exist must have the tools necessary to divert the youth from crime. If one is to convert delinquent youth’s behavior, theyRead MorePreventing Juvenile Delinquency Rough Draft1976 Words   |  8 Pagesthe importance of Preventing Juvenile Delinquency and what different ideas, concepts and methods are available to those adolescents that are either at-risk already or those that can be in the future. Early prevention is the best method of slowing down the statistics of crimes among adolescents, by keeping them off of the streets and out of the justice system by providing the means to teach them to be productive rather than destructive. Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency-Rough Draft IntroductionRead MoreThe And Its Role For Preventing Juvenile Delinquency And Violence850 Words   |  4 Pagesfathers are major contributors to males being incarcerated. Careful analyses of juvenile court cases in the United States, shows that economic conditions rather than family composition influenced children’s delinquency.(Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice (2001)) (Chilton and Markle, 1972). Absent Fathers One of the most prominent findings concerning the importance of fathering and its role in preventing juvenile delinquency and violence was first disclosed by evidence in a cross-cultural study, whichRead MoreA Healthy Home Environment Is A Leading Factor For Preventing Juvenile Delinquency?2145 Words   |  9 PagesSusan Babb Tutor: Course: Date: Is there Evidence that a Healthy Home Environment is a Leading Factor in Preventing Juvenile Delinquency? Crime committed by adolescents and children is called juvenile delinquencies under the statutory age. A juvenile delinquent is one who has many troubles but is a minor. The need for dealing with juvenile delinquency is becoming more urgent each day. The number of young people going through court has increased tremendously and therefore our young people need helpRead MoreBreaking Down the Walls of Delinquency1685 Words   |  7 Pagesexplore how family life influences juvenile delinquency. Juveniles are more likely to become juvenile delinquents if there is little structure provided for them in their families. Children who are rejected by their parents, who grow up in homes with considerable conflict, or who are inadequately supervised are at the greatest risk of becoming delinquent. Literature reviews, focused on the relationship between child abuse and juvenile delinquency, indicate that juvenile delinquents are often productsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is An Increasing Problem Within The United States995 Words   |  4 Pages Juvenile delinquency has become an increasing problem within the United States. According to Siegel and Welsh (2012), more than 1.1 million youth are being arrested each year for various crimes ranging from loitering to murder. There are numerous reasons why there should be programs to help deter delinquency. One of which, Greenwood (2008), states that juvenile delinquency has started to take it’s toll on tax payers. The cost of arresting, incarcerating, prosecuting, and treating offenders has beganRead MoreThe Effects Of Juvenile Delinquency On Teens864 Words   |  4 Pagesunderdevelopment, deficiency and lack of housing areas. Theses can also affect teens that increase-doing crimes in which it called juvenile delinquency. There are two terms that define juvenile delinquency, 1: conduct by a juvenile characterized by antisocial behavior that is a beyond parental control and therefore subject to legal action; 2: a violatio n of law committed by a juvenile and not punishable by death or live imprisonment. (Cite). In this topic, I will explain more about family factors in whichRead MoreBalancing Justice and Rehabilitation Essay538 Words   |  3 Pageson track, the multistep juvenile justice system determines adolescent offenders’ consequences to provide them a chance for change and rehabilitation, making it overall effective and fair to juveniles and the community. Although most juveniles who enter the system are not real criminals, some are, so by understanding their crimes and reasoning, law enforcement can better identify and stop repeat offenders. For instance, most crime rates have gone down recently, but juvenile robbery arrests have increasedRead MoreThe Effects Of Delinquency On Children s Life1657 Words   |  7 Pagescommit more crimes than adults, and that if we can reduce the amount of delinquency that occurs in the United States, then we will also reduce the amount of crime. To understand how to prevent delinquency, we must first understand what causes it. Delinquency can be caused by a number of factors involving the child s family, socialization, economic background and drug use. Of course, the earliest contributor to delinquency in a child s life is the family. (1) Early family dysfunction can leadRead MoreGender Roles : The Juvenile Justice System1244 Words   |  5 PagesGender Roles in the Juvenile Justice System What role does gender play at the various stages of the juvenile justice system? Gender plays an enormous role in the juvenile justice system; both boys and girls have their fair share of run-ins with the Juvenile Justice System, but now more so than ever, females crime rates have increased. In some instances within the juvenile justice system, it may appear that boys and girls are comparable; however there are differences, even though they are subtle.

Cardio Free Essays

The angle and camera movement was mainly focused on Rick and his surroundings. . Discuss the use of at least three of the conventions of continuity editing used in this sequence as discussed in your text, starting on page 340. We will write a custom essay sample on Cardio or any similar topic only for you Order Now The scene was mostly based around the 1 80 degree rule, It Insured that I was not confused or It was Inconsistent. One example was when Sam was playing the Plano and the some background that was necessary was exploited. The A-line and B-line match was directed between Rick and his friend having conversation. The cross cutting created suspense when Islam and Rick met by the Plano when Sam and was playing the piano. C. This sequence is part of the plot’s exposition. Define â€Å"exposition† as it is used in terms of plot. (You first encountered this term in the chapter on narrative. ) In this Sibilance? Exposition in terms of plot is a form of discourse that explains, defines, and interprets. The word is also applied to the beginning portion of a plot in which background information about the characters and situation is set forth. . Watch the sequence in Citizen Kane which begins with a snowball hitting the â€Å"Mrs.. Cane’s Boarding House† sign and ending with the sled being covered by snow. This sequence is approximately four minutes long. (1) How many shots are there? I counted 2-3 shots. (2) Describe the use of the camera, including camera angle and movement and the types of shots used in this short sequence. The angle I would describe this scene as would b e a long shot. The focus was on Mrs.. Kane, Mr.. Kane and Jaw Getty’s while Junior was in the background outside playing in the snow. The camera followed the characters as well. Therefore, that is why there were not a lot of shots. (3) Notice the composition of each frame, I. E. , the placement of characters and objects within the frame of the shot. What is symbolically significant about this frame composition? The frame composition in this view led me intrigued on when there was going to be the next shot. The camera kept following the characters. All the characters were centered around each other except for Junior was in the background which is to be considered the long shot as in question 2. The images it conveyed was the window in the background and Junior playing in the snow which added a little dimension to the shot. 3. In a minimum of two well-developed paragraphs, compare/contrast the overall editing styles used in Sibilance and Citizen Kane. Be specific about types of editing quenches and transitions between scenes and between shots within a scene. The shots conveyed in Sibilance were more of mid shots than of Citizen Cane. In Citizen Cane there were more transitions fading in and out. Including Atlanta’s groundbreaking â€Å"deep focus† shots and many astonishing scenes, Citizen Kane is not only spectacular to look at, but the whole story telling is astonishing. Consider this famous scene, which captures the breakdown of a marriage in 2-1/2 minutes by furthering the distance of Kane and his first wife, Emily, at the breakfast table. Stupendous. And in terms of ingenuity, nothing in Sibilance compares. The lighting in both movies seemed to be the same considering they were both â€Å"black and white† The two main characters; Ills and Emily Norton were bright and stood out. Although Sibilance had one of the first new editing techniques brought to film I think Citizen Cane had more genius perspectives and editing, shots throughout the movies. Consider the scene in Citizen Cane when Not only has Wells now aged as Kane from about 25 to 70-something, but the shot of Kane walking though his huge, empty house with only reflections of himself is truly brilliant, as both visual imagery and none-too-subtle allegory. How to cite Cardio, Papers

Stop The Deforestation Essay Example For Students

Stop The Deforestation Essay This land is where we know where to find all that it provides for usfood from hunting and fishing, and farms, building and tool materials, medicines. This land keeps us together within its mountains; we come to understand that we are not just a few people or separate villages, but one people belonging to a homeland (Colins 32). The homeland is the Upper Mazaruni District of Guyana, a region in the Amazon rain forest where the Akawaio Indians make their home (32). The vast rain forest, often regarded as just a mass of trees and exotic species, is to many indigenous people a home. This home is being destroyed as miners, loggers, and developers move in on the cultures of these people to strip away their resources and complicate the peaceful, simple lives of these primitive tribes. However, the tribes are not the only ones who lose in this situtation. If rain forest invasion continues, mankind as a whole will lose a valuable treasure: the knowledge of these people in utilizing the resources and plants of the forest for food, building, and medicine. To prevent this loss, the governments of the countries housing the rain forests should provide some protection for the forest and its inhabitants through legislation, programs. Also, environmentalists should pursue educating the tribes in managing thier resources for pragmatic, long-term profit through conservation. Although hard to believe, the environmental problems of today started a long time before electricty was invented, before automobilies littered the highways, and before industries dotted the countryside. From ancient times to the Industrial Revolution, humans began to change the face of the earth. As populations increased and technology improved and expanded, more significant and widespread problems arose. Today, unprecedented demands on the environment from a rapidly expanding human population and from advancing technology are causing a continuing and acelerating decline in the quality of the environment and its ability to sustain life (Ehrlich 98). Increasing numbers of humans are intruding on remaining wild land-even in those areas once considered relatively safe from exploitation. Tropical forests, especially in southest Asia and the Amazon River Basin, are being destroyed at an alarming rate for timber, conversion to crop and grazing lands, pine plantations, and settlements. According to researcher Howard Facklam, It was estimated at one point in the 1980s that such forest lands were being cleared at the rate of 20 (nearly 50 acres) a minute; another estimate put the rate at more than 200,000 sq km (more than 78,000 sq mi) a year. In 1993, satellite data provided the rate of deforestation could result in the extinction of as many as 750,000 speices, which would mean the loss of a muliplicity of products: food, fibers, medical drungs, dyes, gums, and resins (53). So what kind of condition will the forests be in in the year 2050? If this rate of deforestation continues, there will be no tropical rain forest in the year 2050. Therefore, preservation need to occur now in order stop the terrible loss of the rain forests and all that it can provide. Rain forest destruction has two deadly causes: loggers and miners. For example, imagine loggers on bulldozers rolling into the forest, tearing down not only trees, but the invisible barrier between the modern, materialistic world and the serene paradise under the forest canopy. Forest locals told Scholastic Update that .. .so much forest has vanished that the weather has changed delaying rains and increasing heat. (Leo 19). Along with the loggers come miners seeking the gold and other minerals found in the forest. The article My Trip to the Rain Forest points out that the rivers of the rain forests become poisoned by the mercury leaked in gold-mining. This exposes the tribes to diseases which they have no immunity to, such as malaria, tuberculsis, and the flu. The miners also bring in violence, which has killed over 1,500 members of one tribe in the Amazon. Many of the tribes leave their ancestoral homes to flee the noise and disruption of the miners (Smith 66). Certainly, these loggers and miners must not think of the areas they invade and destroy as a home. .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792 , .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792 .postImageUrl , .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792 , .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792:hover , .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792:visited , .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792:active { border:0!important; } .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792:active , .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792 .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue2a7fc5f788d9548f9e8b2e8c1fb9792:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Software And High School Essay Conseuently, invading the rain forest is no different than bullsdozers leveling out a suburb in the United States. The lifestyles in rain forest villages and American towns are vastly different, but the two share one very important similarity: in these settlements live human beings with minds, families, and feelings. In fact, there is a way to limit deforestation of the rain forest: through forest conservation. The .

Laissez-faire Economy Essays - Classical Liberalism,

Laissez-faire Economy Concept of the Invisible Hand in a Laissez-faire economy "By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of it." Adam Smith, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1776. What business does a government have in commerce and trade? Why would a government want to interfere between two countries benefiting from each other by trade? What right does the government have in two individuals wanting each other's products or services? According to some, commerce and trade should be permitted to operate free of controls of any kind; there should be no tariffs or other barriers. This is where the term laissez-faire is introduced. It's direct translation in French, "leave alone to do", is self-explanatory. A strong believer in this type of economics is Adam Smith, both a philosopher and an economist. Born on 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Fife, he studied at Oxford, and became a professor of logic at Glasgow (1751), but took up the chair of moral philosophy the following year. In 1776, he moved to London, where he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), the first major work of political economy. This examined in detail the consequences of economic freedom, such as division of labor, the function of markets, and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy. Adam Smith is most remembered today for his explanation of our market system. A majority of people saw confusion when they observed economic activity in England during the middle of the 18th century. They saw everyone doing whatever they pleased and deemed necessary. Businesses produced whatever they wanted to make. Consumers purchased whatever they wanted to buy. No one told anyone what had to be bought and what had to be sold especially the government. And yet, somehow, businesses seemed to be providing the goods and services that consumers wanted and needed. Some might have called it luck; Adam Smith called it an "invisible hand". And today, it is considered the laissez-faire economy. The "invisible hand" is a term for the unseen process of co-ordination which ensures consistency of individual plans in a decentralized market economy (Pearce, 220). Adam Smith introduced this phrase in his book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Book IV, Chap. II), who stressed the role that the "invisible hand" played in attaining a harmony of interests. Imagine this "invisible hand" suspended above everyone. This "invisible hand" encourages businesspeople to pursue profits and it pushes consumers to buy goods and services. And at the same time, that "invisible hand" discourages government from directing the economic activity. This "invisible hand" that Adam Smith refers to as a guiding force was the people and their attitudes. It all started with profit-seeking individuals. Using self-interest to feed their drive, people started businesses. When a business would become successful, others would notice and enter into the same field. As a direct result, growing consumer demand was satisfied while competition controlled rising prices. As demand grew, businesses were established in which workers shared tasks. This is called division of labor, in which one worker handled the first stage, another the second, and a third finished the product. The result was mass production, more efficiency, and lower costs. Mass production meant that people no longer had to grow there own food and remain on the farm; there would be enough to supply a large workforce. Paying all those laborers resulted in an army of consumers with money to spend. Adam Smith argued that an individual acting purely out of self-interest, would be a progressive force for the maximization of the total wealth of a nation. The role of the government should be permissive, creating a legal defensive setup sufficient to allow individual action. Interference with the free working of this natural order will reduce the growth of wealth and misdirect resources. Though Smith argued for laissez-faire, he recognized the need for minimal government intervention. For example, a tariff for infant industries and for the three functions of the state- security, justice and certain public works (Pearce, 397). Our economic system today seems to lean toward another philosophy called Keynesian economics. Keynesian economics is based on a belief that the economy

recession in india

recession in india Free Online Research Papers Global Recession has brought magnanimous amount of grief and anxiety to all workers all over the world. It has severely affected the lifestyles and the living conditions of people worldwide. Business closing down, great retrenchment and staggering percentage of unemployment mirror how recession affects our modern world. People are overly vacated with what are the jobs that won’t be directly affected by recession and how to stay afloat amidst this time of ordeal. According to the latest employment projections from United States Department of Labor, good tidings are on the horizon for all job seekers. Here’s the 5 stable jobs expected to experience employment frenzy through 2018. 1. Accountants and Auditors They provide vital services to companies and individuals who want to maintain solid financial footing by analyzing and communicating financial information, ensuring public records are kept, and preparing taxes. Recession resistance: Accountants and auditors held 1.3 million jobs in 2008, and that number is expected to increase by 279,400 over the next decade into 2018. Education: A bachelor’s degree in accounting, is the most widely sought-after qualification by employers. For upper-level positions, some employers might prefer a master’s degree in accounting or business administration. Average yearly salary: $65,840 2. Medical Assistants Providing needed assistance in the offices of physicians, podiatrists, and chiropractors, medical assistants handle administrative, clinical, or other specialized tasks. Recession resistance: The U.S. Department of Labor forecasts the number of medicals assistants will grow 34 percent from 2008-2018. Reasons: Medical advancements and an aging U.S. population. Education: Medical assisting certificate and associate’s degree programs provide academic and clinical training in various areas and can usually be completed in one to two years. Average yearly salary: $29,060 3. Registered Nurses RNs treat patients, give advice about medical conditions, instruct families on how to deal with health issues, and provide valuable emotional support. Recession resistance: RNs are the largest health care occupation with 2.6 million jobs. And that number is expected to increase by 22 percent through 2018. Reasons: Increasingly complex medical treatments and the rising number of aging Americans needing long-term care. Education: A bachelor’s degree, an associate’s degree, and a diploma, from an approved nursing program are the three most common educational avenues to a career as an RN. You’ll advance further and faster with a more advanced degree. Average yearly salary: $65,130 4. Computer Software Engineers Programmers They make computers tick by creating, testing, and evaluating software applications and systems. Engineers might even design the latest hot-selling computer game or develop a new operating system. Recession resistance: In 2008, computer software engineers and programmers held about 1.3 million jobs. That figure is expected to jump 21 percent by 2018. Reasons: Concerns over information security and increased needs for new software. Education: Bachelor’s degrees in computer programming and applications, networking, or information systems, are among the most sought after by employers. An associate’s degree or certificate might suffice for others. Average yearly salary: $73,470 5. Management Analysts Sometimes called management consultants, analysts serve private industry by evaluating and recommending ways to better an organization’s efficiency and productivity or to increase profits. Recession resistance: Competition for management analyst jobs is highly competitive, but firms who might hire consultants specializing in environmental (â€Å"green†) issues are expected to help the number of analysts jobs grow by 24 percent into the year 2018. Education: Educational requirements in this field might vary for entry-level positions. A master’s degree in business administration or a related field – such as e-business or e-commerce – is considered useful. However, because analysts handle a wide range of projects, a bachelor’s degree in fields such as human resources, information technology, or marketing and sales could open doors. Average yearly salary: $82,92 Latest Trend in Recruitments Temporary Staffing in Indian Companies The HR fraternity in India is undergoing sea level changes with upcoming trends like e-recruitments, outsourcing HR functions, and the like. Now the next big thing Temporary Staffing is gaining acceptance across industries. Few months back the job market was overflowed with people who were labeled as leftover guys who could not find a permanent job for themselves. But that is passà © now. Companies are recruiting employees on temporary basis mainly for a particular project, paying them off and then letting them go as soon as the project is over. What is Temping? Temping is the process of hiring temporary workers or, as they are called Temps, for a shorter duration of time for a particular project and remain in the company till the project lasts. The temps work for one Client Company while being on rolls of a third party. A temp is contract worker who is being hired for a short time, typically till a project lasts. The contract ranges from a period of 2 months to 15 months. These temps are made available by the employee leasing firms like TeamLease. Such companies provide a wide range of temporary staffing solutions including temporary-to-permanent services where in the company hires an employee for trial basis and absorbs him within the company on the basis on his performance; and long-term contracts where temps are hired for a longer period of time which may last up to two years. The non core functions like sales, front office, customer support, finance, back end operations and administration demand more temps. The reason seems to be quite obvious companies focus on their core functions to sustain the cut throat competition, while they outsource their non core functions. In India, almost 80 million people are working on temporary basis, however a meager 0.5 per cent of them are employed in the organized sector. Currently there are about 1,20,000 to 1,30,000 temps working with over 500 companies, including ICICI Lombard, Bharti, Reliance Infocomm, HP, Wipro BPO, Transworks and so on. If we go by sector basis, studies show that temps are predominant in IT sector. However, others sectors like banking, FMCG, retail and consumer durables sector are also showing their interest in hiring temps. So how often do these temporary workers turn into permanent employees? Though, earlier, the chance of being absorbed by the company was almost negligible, the trend is gaining pace as the demand for skilled workforce is increasing. The conversion rate has grown up to 20 to 30 percent form four percent. Why Temping Temping started off with MNCs hiring contract workers. It comes with a packet of benefits for the organizations as well as for the employees. Organizations enjoy the benefit of workforce flexibility and ease of recruitments and quick replacements. Temping also saves training costs as leasing companies direct skilled and experienced workers to the companies. Moreover, non productive employees can be chucked out without many complications. By outsourcing non core functions, the company deeply focuses on its core functions only. The companies also get more work done from temporary workers and also escape for paying them perks and incentives. From employees point of view, temping helps an employee to acquire different skills and upgrade basic skills by working in different setups. Employees acquire multiple skills to remain employable is competitive job markets. Temping even offers tempting career opportunities to housewives, retired personnel, people with defense backgrounds, freelancers and freshers. Temps who work for big brands also boast about the same in their resumes, thus, giving them an advantage over others. These are some flip sides of temping too. Job insecurity always acts as a demotivator for others candidates. The temps hardly get any perks and incentives like the permanent employees. The chances of becoming permanent with the client company are also less so possibility of achieving a stable career lacks. The underperformers are always at risk as they can be sacked anytime and that too without a notice. Moreover, too much hopping act as red flags in ones resume. Sustaining the trend Though job security is still essential for many in India, an increasing number of young people are opting for temporary jobs. The market for such jobs will grow exponentially in coming years. Almost every sector, be it capital intensive or labor intensive, is showing keen interest in temps. Moreover, those candidates who have a hunger for multiple skills, are increasingly taking up these jobs. Permanent job assurance is now passà © as downsizing can happen any time. Temping will prove to be a viable option in such cases. The industry watchers believe that this new HR trend is here to stay. The Future Of Temporary Staffing Temporary staffing is expected to grow exponentially in the country, in the near future. â€Å"It is the quality and ease of availability of manpower that would define the role employee leasing organisations stand to play, not only in non-core functions but also certain core business areas of organisations,† points out Reddy, adding that it is imperative for outsourcing partners to move from â€Å"only† employee leasing to complete end-to-end â€Å"activity management.† It is also necessary for outsourcing partners to be equipped with vertical and functional specialisations, with key differentiators customised to the Indian employment scenario. In a recruitment market where the concept of full-time employment is increasingly becoming a thing of the past, temporary staffing is emerging as the viable option. Advantages of temporary staffing The opportunity for organisations to focus on core areas Flexibility of employment Ease of recruitment and replacement Long-term cost advantages Benefits of scale Future of recruitments India Inc is likely to witness 10-15 per cent increase in hiring in 2010-11, led by the telecom sector which is forecast to provide awhopping over one lakh jobs, global consultancy Ernst Young has said Indian job market seems to be striking right chord with countrys working population, as more and more vacancies are being created and filled across sectors. On a conservative stand, percentage increase in hiring in the new fiscal can be between 10-15 per cent, Ernst Young Partner and National Head (People Organisation) N S Rajan told PTI. The telecom growth story would continue in the fiscal and hiring activity in this sector is likely to be in excess of 1,00,000 jobs, Rajan said. Other sectors that are likely to lead hiring in the new fiscal include pharmaceuticals, FMCG and education, as they are facing a talent crunch at present. Ernst Young, however, believes that despite the ensuing euphoria over rising number of jobs, companies are likely to approach hiring with caution due to the hard lesson learnt in the past. Although most companies are doing away with hiring freeze imposed during the economic downturn, they are likely to hire strategically and look for long-term talent needs and not near term staffing requirements. Moreover, Ernst Young believes that while hiring would continue mostly to meet the replacement demand created as a result of erstwhile hiring freeze, there are likely to be mixed trends in the level of hiring activity across sectors. Though hiring has picked up in the economy across sectors like pharmaceutical, chemical, auto, insurance, education, retail and IT, it is unlikely that the bullish hiring trends of 2007 will be restored within the next one year, Rajan said. In sectors like auto/auto-components, banking, financial services and insurance (BFSI), and real estate, the hiring is on the rise to primarily fill in vacancies resulting from significant downsizing in the past and to meet future expansion plans. Interestingly, most companies are expecting higher attrition levels over the next few months on account of jobs coming back into economy resulting in increments being used as a tool to retain talent. Suffered IT Industry Due to Recession The final tally of jobs lost due to recession in the US is out. Computer World has reported that the US tech industry lost 250,000 jobs last year, nearly 4% of its total workforce. Tech manufacturing was worst hit and lost 8.1% or 112,600 jobs. Software services, which was least hit, lost 1.2% or 21,000 jobs. Overall, technology did better than other sectors of US economy which registered an overall unemployment rate of 9.3% last year. The report says hiring is back in the US with improving economy. California, Texas, New York, Florida and Virginia are top five states for finding jobs in the US. Though Indian IT industry also saw significant layoffs, there is no convincing data on the number of jobs lost due to recession. Most Indian firms, including the big players, chose to fire their employees stealthily on performance issues. Research Papers on recession in indiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Hip-Hop is ArtThe Project Managment Office System

Highly competent teachers who collaborate in planning and problem Assignment

Highly competent teachers who collaborate in planning and problem solving - Assignment Example Moreover, collaborative planning in education enables educators and learners to work on the same problem - real world situations - and solve them through shared knowledge. The teacher becomes part of the team and attempt to solve individual learning problems. They jointly stimulate solution finding and hence initiate systematic and practical learning. In practice, classrooms teachers can play the important role of change agent because they can facilitate hands-on experience for students through interactive and tactile learning environment. With the goal to induct students into practical settings like college and workplace in mind, teachers can develop learning structures such as: In addition, teachers who are competent recognize efficacy of personalization and relationship building to filter weak students from smart ones. Not will they stop at this but arrange for equitable learning environment involving shared tasks, knowledge, and peer learning. They will also assess performance not only based on right or wrong answers but how problems have been solved, leadership qualities, knowledge application and so on. Assessment of collaborative planning and problem solving outcomes is imperative for students’ motivation for further education. Assessment criteria should be fair, explicit and systematic in order to reach to a mutually accountable assessment outcome. For this to be viable, students should be given collaborative projects with collective outcomes but assessed based on their contribution in the project. Some examples of practical projects include presentation, field research, and real-life problem/case study. Students might work on these projects in collaboration with peers but they will be assessed based on ability to work in a team as well as independently. The objective of such a plan is to ensure students learn how

Anaylsis Wordsworth A Slumer Did Steal My Sleep Essay

Anaylsis Wordsworth A Slumer Did Steal My Sleep - Essay Example There are many connotations of words and phrases. In the beginning, â€Å"a slumber did my spirit seal† connotes the idea of the author being unconscious or unaware of reality, in that a sleep has rendered him ignorant of reality. â€Å"The touch of earthly years† is a phrase which connotes the idea of immortality or agelessness. The last two lines are especially connotative â€Å"Roll’d round in earth’s diurnal force, with rocks, and stones, and trees†. These phrases and words are earthy and connote the physical world around us. They are also suggestive of nature and the natural lifecycle of the environment. The characters mentioned are both the author and the subject who appears to be female. The author speaks for himself at the beginning, then describes the fate of a woman, the subject of the poem. The relationship between the two is suggested in the lines â€Å"she seem’d a thing that could not feel, the touch of earthly years†. The author describes his perception of this woman, as someone who seemed otherworldly, or beyond physical interference. This suggests that he was in love with her, and that this love blinded him to her vulnerability and humanity. There are several images used. â€Å"Rocks and stones and trees† conjure images of death, burials, nature and of life cycles. â€Å"I had no human fears† and â€Å"the touch of earthly fears† convey images of a realm beyond physicality and time. â€Å"Slumber† is a symbolic word. Rather than literally meaning sleep, the author uses this word to symbolize his sense of being unaware of the vulnerability of this woman. â€Å"Human fears† symbolizes the spiritual dimension the author seems to have existed in when he was with this woman.†rocks and stones and trees† are symbolic of the fact that this woman is now dead and buried, in the ground, part of the earth. Themes in this poem appear to be loss and the feeling that

Interview data collected and analysed (grammar, linking words, rewrite Essay

Interview data collected and analysed (grammar, linking words, rewrite concussions for each part - Essay Example It is quite necessary to conduct such a study in Saudi Arabia, as it is one of the most resourceful countries. Unfortunately most of its resources are wasted on unnecessary purposes like maintenance of buildings, especially hospitals. So this study bring to light a good point that maintenance costs would be less or not required at all if there is no faulty construction. However, there is a need to focus on the relationship between design building and maintenance, in terms of reduced maintenance budgets, in order to avoid design defects in Saudi Arabia, as the harsh climate of the Saudi Arabian Rub Al-Khali shortens the life of buildings. Therefore, this study will talk about the appropriate steps that should be considered while building new infrastructures in the future. Poor designing leads to defects and imperfections in the building structure, and it occurs due to defects in material selection, ventilation arrangements that are made as well as flooring defects that occur during th e construction process of the building. The beginning chapters lay emphasis on maintenance and stress that maintenance of buildings is increasing annually by great margins in Saudi Arabia. One of the main cause for this increase is the defects that take place during the construction process itself because if a building is constructed with the right selection of quality materials with the right design concepts and with the accurate plan then the maintenance cost required will be much. This is due to the fact that quality building material during construction will obviate the necessity for frequent repairs. As a continuation of the previous chapters it is an understood fact that building designs, which ignored the maintenance practicality and adequacy were the main determinants of increased maintenance costs in case of the hospitals in Saudi Arabia. But this maintenance is difficult because of the non-availability of replacement materials, skilled personnel and lack of funding for mai ntenance purposes. Hospital maintenance in Saudi Arabia is governed by a number of rules, which resist breakdown provisions of hospitals. Compared to other buildings, it is a hospital that requires timely and appropriate maintenance, as it is a life saving institution as doctors try their maximum to treat the patients. It is an established fact that hospital buildings should be based on the equipments that the hospital plans to install. Thus, the issue of maintenance stems from the wrong designing concept that has been used. Design faults in hospitals require costly restoration as maintenance cost or it requires the total tearing down of those buildings. Specification writing defect is a design fault, which is of high importance in the construction of hospitals. The next identified defect in design fault is the wrong material selection. Thus, proper care should be given with respect to procurement of materials and it would be good to prepare a material requirement plan in advance so that shortage of materials does not lead to the procurement of defected materials. In the literature review it has been mentioned about TQM or Total Quality Management. TQM is considered as a revolutionary approach to successful organization. The numerous researches in TQM have materialized from realistic requirements of organizations implementing the principles, which is highly practical

Biography of Ernst Ruska

Biography of Ernst Ruska ERNST RUSKA INTRODUCTION Mankind has come a long way since the dark ages in the field of science and medicine. We have seen many great inventions and discoveries that have helped shape our lifestyle. The electron microscope was one such invention which helped scientists and medical practitioners detect deadly diseases and viruses. The electron microscope helped scientists detect differences between the virus that caused smallpox and the virus that caused chicken pox. Today the electron microscope continues to be an integral part of many laboratories helping researchers to examine biological materials, medical biopsy samples and the characteristics of various surfaces. However, due credit should be given to the man behind the invention of this great apparatus. That man was none other than Ernst Ruska. Ernst Ruska came from a humble family whose intellect surpassed other children his age. Boisterous and full of life, Ernst went on to create history when he collaborated with Dr. Max Knoll to invent the world’s first electron microscope. So what drove Ernst towards the complex field of mathematics and science? What were the difficulties he had to face before becoming the man who today is known as the father of microscopes? Let us go back in time and explore the journey of Ernst Ruska and witness firsthand his rise to glory. THE BIRTH OF A GENIUS It was a typical cold morning on 25th December 1906 in Heidelberg, Germany. Julius Ruska and his wife Elisabeth welcomed a beautiful baby boy into their family. Elisabeth had tears of joy as Julius gently caressed the baby with affection. The baby was christened Ernst Ruska by the proud parents. Ernst’s father, Julius was a professor, a passionate botanist and a mineralogist who had the big Zeiss microscope kept in his study. For an innocent child like Ernst, the microscope seemed very unique and strange. Ernst was fascinated by this strange looking artefact and wanted to see it in person. However, his father strictly forbade him to touch the microscope. But, like all children, this only heightened Ernst’s curiosity. Ernst’s father noticed the keen interest his son showed towards the microscope. So, he would take time off his busy schedule and show Ernst magnified objects with the invention. Ernst’s uncle was in charge of an observatory on a hill overlooking Heidelberg. As a result, Ernst would often visit the observatory to meet his uncle and see the telescopes in action. After graduating from school, Ernst wanted to study engineering but his father, Julius was not too happy with the decision. Julius was very judgemental of his son’s decision to become an engineer. â€Å"How could the son of a Professor choose an inferior educational path?† thought Julius. However, Ernst was adamant about his decision to study engineering and got himself enrolled at the Technical College in Munich in the autumn of 1925 and later moved to Berlin. EARLY YEARS Ernst was extremely energetic as a student and began involving himself in studying high voltage and vacuum technology at the institute of High voltage under the tutelage of Adolf Matthias. Sometime around the end of the summer term in 1928, Mr. Matthias formed a small team to develop a high-performance cathode ray oscilloscope. When Ernst heard of Mr. Matthias’ plan, he jumped at the opportunity and joined the small team created by Matthias becoming the team’s youngest member. The team was headed by Ernst’s classmate called Max Knoll who was an electrical engineer. Ernst noticed that the cathode in the oscilloscope emitted a beam of electrons which could be used to form a dot or a writing spot on a fluorescent screen. But, the beam emitting from the cathode was unstable. Ernst and his team put all their energies into improving the cathode and sharpening the focus of the electron beams. During their research Ernst came across an article in a journal called ‘Archives Elektrotechnic’. The article was written by a professor named Hans Busch. In the article, Busch stated that the short coil present in the cathode generated a magnetic field that made stimulated electron particles behave in the same way as light when it passed through a convex glass lens. Ernst remembered his childhood and realised that the same type of lens was found in his father’s microscope. Unfortunately, Busch was unable to bring his brilliant theory to practical use due to unavailability of newer data. However, Ernst was fascinated by Busch’s theory and decided to make it a part of his thesis which he submitted in his graduate years in May 1929 at the age of 23. In his thesis, Ernst calculated the characteristics of the magnetic coil. He tested whether it could actually be used to unite electron rays and focus on a target. He was successful in his approach and with the use of the coil; he managed to gain the first recorded electron ocular images of the anode orifice of the cathode ray tube. Ernst was elated to say the least. He had just brought Busch’s theory to life! An accomplishment which even Busch was unable to achieve! A SLOW PATH TO SUCCESS Ernst had an innovative outlook towards his profession. Yes, he was successful in obtaining images but his main agenda was to create an electron microscope. However, it wasn’t an easy task. In 1930, at the age of 24 Ernst tried to create a cheaper version of this experiment as part of his diploma thesis but failed to come through. So, Ernst went back to his original idea of using coils as lenses. Using two coils, Ernst managed to build a tube similar to the microscope. Ernst tested the apparatus for the first time and noted that the magnification factor of his unique invention was a mere 15 units. Even though the magnification of the apparatus was far lower than what Ernst had expected, he had managed to prove to his peers that it was possible to obtain magnified images using electron beams and magnetic fields. One day while working on developing the apparatus further, Ernst noticed that the electrons in the machine emitted a huge quantity of heat. The heat was destroying the objects that were being viewed by Ernst through the machine. Ernst was a bit disappointed with this outcome. There was no use of creating modestly magnified images when the objects in view could be burnt to ashes. Thus, Ernst along with colleague Bodo von Borries and Max Knoll ventured on building a new and efficient microscope. However, Ernst knew that in order to impress the scientific society, his microscope would have to be better than the current light microscope which was being used. During the process of constructing his very first electron microscope, Ernst noted that the trick to compressing the magnetic field to a tiny area relied heavily on the shape of the coil. The coil had to be designed in a way that the focal length could be kept as short as possible. Keeping the focal length short was a must so that the apparatus could obtain images with high magnification. To achieve this, Ernst and his colleague Bodo constructed a coil cocooned by iron with a small gap in the center which helped to compress the magnetic field. Ernst and Bodo named their coil the â€Å"pole shoe lens† and had it patented in 1932. Finally after a year of thorough research and sleepless nights, 27 years old Ernst and his colleagues built the first electron microscope in 1933. Unlike Ernst’s previous invention which had a magnification factor of merely 15 units, this new microscope had a magnification factor of a humongous 12000 units. Finally, after years of research and dedication, Ernst finally managed to achieve his dream. OVERCOMING OBSTACLES The feat of inventing the first ever electron microscope in the world should have brought joy to Ernst. But, on the contrary Ernst wasn’t too happy as he couldn’t convince the industry to invest in the production of his microscope. The problem of overheating the objects under the lens of the microscope was still a major concern. Ernst noticed that the electron microscope would mostly be utilized by biologists. He also realised that the vacuum tube present in the microscope dehydrated the specimens and the electrons damaged them. On most occasions the heat generated burnt the specimen to ashes. Ernst was in a fix as he was unable to come to a solution to this particular problem. He turned to his younger brother, Helmut Ruska for assistance. Helmut Ruska was a medical practitioner with a positive attitude. He was sure the microscope would work if certain improvements were made. As a result, Helmut approached Richard Siebeck who was the director of the medical clinic at the Charity Hospital. Richard was also Helmut’s former medical professor and so, he managed to convince Richard to invest his time and effort into his brother’s invention. Richard was initially reluctant but after 3 years on 2nd October 1936, Siebeck praised Ernst’s invention and explained how the microscope could help doctors in analyzing the cause of diseases. He credited Ernst by stating that the microscope was capable of advancing research into identifying infectious agents that caused diseases which on paper seemed similar to each other. Diseases like measles, smallpox, and chickenpox seemed to have similar symptoms but Richard knew that the infectious agents causing the diseases were different. And he backed Ernst by stating that the microscope would be helpful in distinguishing the agents. Richard Siebeck’s testimony was enough to convince industries and companies to take the financial risk and and invest in developing electron microscopes. A renowned company called ‘Siemens’ hired Ernst and Bodo von Borries in 1937. Together Ernst and Bodo began work on producing microscopes. In late 1939 Siemens delivered the first series of microscopes branded â€Å"Siemens Super Microscope† to the laboratories of I.G. Farben in Frankfurt-Hochst. Ernst was eager to make his instrument famous all over the country. So in order to promote his invention, he suggested to the CEOs of his company Siemens to set up a visiting institute so that biologists and doctors could carry out their research using his microscope. The Institute of Electron Optics was built in 1940 when Ernst was 34 years old. Ernst along with German and foreign scientists managed to publish around 200 scientific papers from the institute by 1944. Ernst was obviously involved in the development and mass production of the electron microscope. Following the Second World War which proved to be devastating for Germany, the Institute of Electron Optics was disbanded. As a result production of microscopes had come to a halt. The demand for the instrument was huge and so in order to meet the demands of his customers; Ernst reconstituted the institute. FINAL YEARS In order to further develop the microscope, Ernst began working at the German academy of Sciences in Berlin from August 1947 to December 1948. In 1949, at the age of 43 he was made the head of department at the Fritz Haber Institute. After spending almost 20 years at Siemens, Ernst left the company at the age of 49 in 1955. After two years at the age of 51, Ernst was made Director of the institute of electron microscopy at the Fritz Haber Institute on 27th June 1957. In 1960, Ernst’s contribution to the field of medical science was acknowledged when he was awarded the Lasker Award. Ernst spent the 1960s serving as Director at Fritz Haber. He also held lectures at the Technical University of Berlin and Free University where he would talk about the basic principles of electron optics and electron microscopy. On 31st December 1974 at the age of 68, Ernst stepped down as Director and officially announced his retirement. In 1986, 80 years old Ernst received the Nobel Prize for his contribution to science. 25th May 1988 was a gloomy day in West Berlin. 82 years old Ernst Ruska left the world peacefully. He was cremated in West Berlin. TRIBUTE Even though Ernst left the world, his invention of the electron microscope continues to help biologists and medical practitioners till date. His ability to think out of the box was a quality that helped him reach a stage of grandeur. Ernst was all alone during the initial years of his studies when he stated that an electron microscope could be developed. Many doubted him and scoffed at his idea that an apparatus of such great significance could actually be built. The same people had to eat their hats when the microscope was finally invented. What one should learn from this legendary inventor is that one should never lose the will to succeed. Ernst’s life would have been very different had he chosen to give up on his dreams. Like they say, man is the maker of his own destiny and Ernst deserved every accolade that he received for his ingenuity. Here’s saluting the legendary inventor and genius known as Ernst Ruska.

The Ruling Elite and the Development of the Middle East :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many dynasties and kingdoms have ruled the area of what we now call the Middle East. In almost all of the societies, it is the wealthier, educated, and a particular race or ethnicity that ruled. These positions were usually acquired through power, either by a civil war or an overthrow of the previous government. From the late eleventh century to the reign of Mohammed Ali in the early to mid nineteenth century, whoever were the ruling elite was able to shape the direction and development of country or territory in three different ways; socially, economically and politically. By controlling the policies of the government the ruling elite was able to control the economics of the country and socially constructing it as well in the process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The policies in the regions vary from area to area due to the ruling power. Some harsh to their society and imply policies that favor a certain group of people. During the Mamluk period, the soldiers were required to train on horseback with the use lance, bow and sword. Although when the Circassian period (1382-1517), the type of training the soldiers were required to practice shifted to the hippodrome. Until Barquq, the founder of the Circassian line, abolished the use of the hippodrome. By shaping the ways your military trains, the leader is responsible for preparation of his troops leaving them vulnerable to invasions or ready to conquer new lands. The Mamluks were reluctant to enter the new age of technology and industrialization and still insisted on the usage of the hippodromes, which had long been absent from the new â€Å"industrialized’ countries. In August of 1514, 12,000 Ottoman soldiers were carrying the gun. The Safawid army that carried sword s and trained in the hippodromes was annihilated. If the government would have allowed the usage of the gun, the soldiers would have stood a chance. The Ottoman empire, through this new technology was able to become the largest empire in history. (Cultural Reader, 52-63)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The policies in which a ruling government imposes determines the economic development and direction of a country. As new rulers come into a country a transformation of culture and economics. With the Ottomans ruling many areas of the Middle East were becoming more dependant on Europe. With Europe being the center of business of the time, trade between the two regions was at an all time high. Europeans were eager to get the spices, cloth and other items from the ‘orient’.

Compare and Contrast WWI & WWII Essay

There are a lot of similarities and differences between the two world wars. A main factor, however, is that the events in the first world war basically caused most of the events to happen in the second world war. The two wars are very closely tied together and have a big relationship with each other.First off, some of the differences from the first world war to the second. If we compare the costs of the two world wars, the difference is outstanding. It is estimated that the First World War cost 380 billion dollars, while the Second World War cost 42,000 billion dollars.(militaryhistory.com) That right there shows us how much bigger the Second World War was over the first. The ways people fought in the First World War had very little in common with the way they fought in the Second World War. World War I started the trend that there was no difference between the citizens of a nation and the military. World War II finishes off this trend by bombing and killing any member of a nation, including the normal citizen . Life did not matter as much in the Second World War. Trench warfare was dominant in the First World War, but bombings and sudden aerial attacks, with highly mobile armies took dominance in the Second World War . The Second World War was not greeted with the same frame of mind like the First World War was. This war had men and women remembering the horrors of the first. It had them entering the Second World War with determination and a better appreciation of the devastation that war could bring .There were also some similarities to both world wars. Both wars were started by threats to the balance of power, and both were conflicts between entire nations and people, not the governments . Both wars started with a general war in Europe and escalated to a worldwide situation. Eastern Europe also went under transformations after both World Wars . Both World Wars included the falling of major empires. The First World War saw the fall of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires. The Second World War saw the end of the British, French, and Dutch empires. The collapse of these empires caused similar results after both World Wars, they started conflicts among ethnic peoples with many different religions.(Historychannel.com) The major cause for the First World War was  the assassination of the Austrian archduke. This is what started all the bloodshed and battles for the first war. Nobody really saw the First World War coming, and after it was over Woodrow Wilson said it was the â€Å"war to end all wars† . So many people had died in the First World War and Wilson wanted to get something good out of it, so he tried to approve the Treaty of Versailles even though he was very ill. All the countries ended up accepting this treaty, except for the United States. This treaty was never passed and kept getting shot down until Wilson finally died in 1924 . Many people agree that nothing in World War I was worth all the slaughter. The darkness of the First World War shaped the next 20 years for the Second World War. Many events from the First World War are directly related to the Second World War. Many people agree that Adolf Hitler could not have done what he did without the First World War occurring. The cause of the Second World War was related to the failure of the peace terms from the First World War. These peace terms created as many problems as they may have solved . Another point was made that Lenin’s plans for international revolution in the aftermath of World War I, which were not fulfilled, would be fulfilled in the course of World War II .(Discoverychannel.com) At the end of the First World War, Britain, France, and Italy establish their indirect and direct rule throughout the remaining Ottoman lands except for the territory of the Turkish Republic. At the same time, the retreat of Western colonialism was happening and accelerated dramatically in the aftermath of World War II. The collapse of the Soviet Union brought more independence to Muslim societies (Historychannel.com). According to Franklin Roosevelt, the Second World War would â€Å"end the system of unilateral action, the exclusive alliances, the balances of power, and all the other expedients that have been tried for centuries – and have always failed.† We will have a â€Å"universal organization† of â€Å"peace-loving Nations† and the beginning of a â€Å"permanent structure of peace†.(Historychannel.com) Instead World War II produced a truly global Cold War. World War I generated fascism, communism, and the reversal of a century-old trend toward democracy. The conclusion of the First World War happened because Wilson came up with the Fourteen Points, which was the  best-known peace proposal for all the countries. The Treaty of Versailles was the final conclusion to this war. Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau finalized it . The conclusion of the Second World War was quite deadlier. The United States ended this war by dropping two atom bombs on Japan’s infamous cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The peace settlement was started by Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt after Japan gave its unconditional acceptance of Allied demands. Many people agree that absolutely nothing good came out of the First World War, which I believe is true. The only thing that came out of the First World War was the setting up for the Second World War. One very good thing came out of the Second World War, and that was the United Nations and the Security Council. For once the world had a united body that they could turn to. This has seemed to be working well since we have not had any major wars since World War II. I do feel though that the United States will do whatever it wants even if the United Nations and rest of the Security Council disagree with them. A good example of this is the recent military action on Iraq. Basically, the entire UN Council is somewhat against this, yet the United States feels it’s there right to move in. I still believe though that the United Nations was a very good thing that came from World War II. There is one thing we do have to consider though. Was the bloodshed and killing of World War I and World War II worth the forming of the United Nations? Some people think these World Wars had to happen as advancement in society. But that is a whole different story.

The 7 Biggest Social Media Mistakes

The 7 Biggest Social Media Mistakes Social media can be an incredibly valuable tool for you professionally, either for networking or in a  job search. It can also derail your best and most professional efforts by giving a potential employer the wrong impression of you at the worst possible time with these 7 biggest social media mistakes. Here are 7 common social media mistakes you should avoid.1. Inappropriate photosEasiest step: make all of your photos private. More nuanced step: go through and take down any pictures of you high, or partying, or wielding a gun, or wearing an offensive t-shirt, or making an obscene gesture, etc. Sit down with your profile and try to view it as if you were a very conservative professional recruiter. If you cringe, take it down. If it’s even just iffy, take it down.2. DiscriminationNo matter what your personal views, never ever ever post things which discriminate against any person or group on the basis of sex, gender, color, religion, etc., etc. No one will hire you if they thi nk you’re a bigot.3. Badmouthing your current employerâ€Å"Ugh work today sucks #fml† (or equivalent). If a recruiter sees you complaining about your job, your coworkers, or your boss†¦ forget about it. Save those complaints for happy hour with your out-of-work friends.4. Posting during work hoursThis might seem nit-picky, but recruiters might look at the time stamps of your posts. If you’re posting during work hours, they’ll take note. Stick to after hours and weekends for your social media sharing.5. Being a social media ghostConversely, recruiters might just be plain weirded out if you don’t have any social media presence. At very least, make sure you have a LinkedIn profile that’s searchable and recognizable as yours.6. Friending your interviewersJust because your interviewer is being super friendly and you have tons in common, resist the temptation to follow or friend them. This crosses unwritten boundaries and can make people su per uncomfortable. Wait until you get the job.7. Rehashing your interview  onlineOnce you’ve had your interview, resist the urge to post about how well/awful/catastrophic/fantastically it went. Chances are, they’ll see it and it won’t reflect favorably on you.

Creating a Homework Policy With Meaning and Purpose

Creating a Homework Policy With Meaning and Purpose We have all had time-consuming, monotonous, meaningless homework assigned to us at some point in our life. These assignments often lead to frustration and boredom and students learn virtually nothing from them. Teachers and schools must reevaluate how and why they assign homework to their students. Any assigned homework should have a purpose. Assigning homework with a purpose means that through completing the assignment, the student will be able to obtain new knowledge, a new skill, or have a new experience that they may not otherwise have. Homework should not consist of a rudimentary task that is being assigned simply for the sake of assigning something. Homework should be meaningful. It should be viewed as an opportunity to allow students to make real-life connections to the content that they are learning in the classroom. It should be given only as an opportunity to help increase their content knowledge in an area. Differentiate Learning for All Students Furthermore, teachers can utilize homework as an opportunity to differentiate learning for all students. Homework should rarely be given with a blanket one size fits all approach. Homework provides teachers with a significant opportunity to meet each student where they are and truly extend learning. A teacher can give their higher-level students more challenging assignments while also filling gaps for those students who may have fallen behind. Teachers who use homework as an opportunity to differentiate we not only see increased growth in their students, but they will also find they have more time in class to dedicate to whole group instruction. See Student Participation Increase Creating authentic and differentiated homework assignments can take more time for teachers to put together. As often is the case, extra effort is rewarded. Teachers who assign meaningful, differentiated, connected homework assignments not only see student participation increase, they also see an increase in student engagement. These rewards are worth the extra investment in time needed to construct these types of assignments. Schools must recognize the value in this approach. They should provide their teachers with professional development that gives them the tools to be successful in transitioning to assign homework that is differentiated with meaning and purpose. A schools homework policy should reflect this philosophy; ultimately guiding teachers to give their students reasonable, meaningful, purposeful homework assignments. Sample School Homework Policy Homework is defined as the time students spend outside the classroom in assigned learning activities. Anywhere Schools believes the purpose of homework should be to practice, reinforce, or apply acquired skills and knowledge. We also believe as research supports that moderate assignments completed and done well are more effective than lengthy or difficult ones done poorly. Homework serves to develop regular study skills and the ability to complete assignments independently. Anywhere Schools further believes completing homework is the responsibility of the student, and as students mature they are more able to work independently. Therefore, parents play a supportive role in monitoring completion of assignments, encouraging students’ efforts and providing a conducive environment for learning. Individualized Instruction Homework is an opportunity for teachers to provide individualized instruction geared specifically to an individual student. Anywhere Schools embraces the idea that each student is different and as such, each student has their own individual needs. We see homework as an opportunity to tailor lessons specifically for an individual student meeting them where they are and bringing them to where we want them to be.   Homework contributes toward building responsibility, self-discipline, and lifelong learning habits. It is the intention of the Anywhere School staff to assign relevant, challenging, meaningful, and purposeful homework assignments that reinforce classroom learning objectives. Homework should provide students with the opportunity to apply and extend the information they have learned complete unfinished class assignments, and develop independence. The actual time required to complete assignments will vary with each student’s study habits, academic skills, and selected course load. If your child is spending an inordinate amount of time doing homework, you should contact your child’s teachers.

Is the government justified in using capital punishment Research Paper

Is the government justified in using capital punishment - Research Paper Example The work that follows aims at showing that the government is not justified in using capital punishment to execute justice to offenders, though at some time it is necessary. Capital punishment is not the best method of dispensing justice to offenders. This is because it denies individuals of their constitutional rights. Various countries show their opposition to capital punishment and instead support a life sentence. A recent example is one portrayed by a number of Americans at Santa Cruz who voted against death penalty for a bombing suspect, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, against whom the authorities issued a death penalty (Rankin 1). The opponents, according to Russ Rankin in the Washington Times said that it is an outdated, ineffective and wasteful method of dispensing justice. In 1972, the United States suspended the use of capital punishment following a decision by the Supreme Court. This is an indication that it is not the best method of dispensing justice to offenders. Although the state r e-established death penalty, its popularity and implementation is decreasing, with only a few exceptions (Rankin 4). The method, as Rankin points has not proofed to be the best method to deter crime. On the contrary, it costs taxpayers in a state more to execute death punishment than life sentence (Rankin 5). The government is not justified to issue capital punishment because many of them may go against the rights of those convicted. For example, Lindsey Bever reporting in ‘the guardian’ talks of a 62-year old man, Graham, wrongfully sentenced to death but escapes through being shipped to a prison in California. After the US criminal justice system reinstated capital punishment since 1976, many people have lost their lives. As Bever points, it is hard to know the exact number of people who died for crimes they did not commit. As Graham reveals, discrimination reins in the American criminal justice system where people with little crimes would face execution while others with brutal offenses would be spared. In most cases, those accused of capital punishment are poor and cannot afford to fight for their rights. This happens because the people cannot hire a lawyer for themselves unless there is a counsel provision for them and most of them fight for their rights without legal documents. This is why there is a lot of discrimination in handling these cases given that those unable to pay for the cost fail to get justice. It makes it hard to justify government’s issuance of capital punishment as there is no justice rendered to those convicted. Most of the governments practicing capital punishments go against the rights of the individuals as provided in the constitution. Every individual, even those convicted to an offense have a right to life and it is against the constitution for the government to issue a capital punishment against them. However, there are circumstances under which capital punishment may seem the best method to implement justice. Depending on the weight of the offense, a government or a court may choose to execute capital punishment on the offender. For example, following the Delhi gang rape several factors made the court term the rape worthy for capital punishment. First, the court argued that those who committed the offense did it in an extremely brutal and revolting manner which raised an intense and extreme annoyance to the society (Baxi 3). The court directly links this brutal nature of the violence to the quantum of annoyance on the society.

Grammar teaching analysis in rural China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Grammar teaching analysis in rural China - Essay Example n 2002), and China following a history of more traditional teaching based on the grammar-translation method (GTM) started reforms within their middle and high schools and universities in the early 1990s by introducing CLT. The question is whether or not the introduction of CLT into the Chinese education system by the government has been successful in terms of teachers actually using such an approach for the teaching of grammar and whether they have the knowledge and ability to do so appropriately. Prior to the 1970s, the goals of teaching English was to impart correct, error free language; emphasis was placed more on form than on use, thus the Grammar Translation Method was very popular. As the name implies, focus was on the rules and structures of the language, used to translate from the mother tongue to the target language, and the oral/aural skills of listening and speaking were ignored in favour of reading and writing. Except for the period of the Cultural Revolution Chinese governments have been committed to the teaching of foreign languages and although Russian was popular for a while, English has been regarded by the new communist regime as significant to modernization (Ji Fengyuan 2004). The teaching of English has always been teacher, textbook and exam focused and so the GTM has been the ruling approach to the teaching of English, with students taking a passive role in the learning process. In traditional classrooms therefore, language learning is reduced to mastery of the grammar and lexicon, and students attain more knowledge of the language in terms of perfect grammatical structures reproduced in grammatical exercises and exams, than their ability to use it in real life. Led by British linguists such as Halliday and Firth and in reaction to GTM, CLT was advocated as the new method in language teaching, addressing the need to acquire communicative competence with natural exposure not teaching, to all four skill areas of reading, writing, listening

Teenagers using steriods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teenagers using steriods - Essay Example S is suggested to be ddictive in some users nd especilly in teengers. In ddition, teengers often use other illicit drugs nd there is the risk for spred of heptitis nd HIV to originlly low-risk popultions through shring needles in S injection (DuRnt et l., 2003). S use in teengers my cuse premture closure of the growth pltes over the bones resulting in permnent short. The initition of S use hs mostly been found to tke plce sometime during teengers. The prevention of S use should therefore be considered n importnt tsk not only within sports but lso for the public t lrge. The serch for risk nd protective fctors for S use in teengers is vitl. Rte of lifetime use mong United Sttes high-school students vries between 4% nd 12% for mles nd 0.5% nd 2% for femles (Bhrke et l., 1998). Lower figures hve been reported in other countries; rtes vry between 1.2% nd 3.2% for mles nd 0.2% nd 2.0% for femles in ustrli (Beel et l., 1998), for exmple. One report showed firly similr rte (12-month) in Cnd (4.1% in mles nd 1.5% in femles) (Cndin Centre for Drug-Free Sports, 2003). Prevlence of S use mong frikns-speking sport prticipnts hs been reported to be in the sme rnge (e.g., 2.5%), wheres much lower rtes were found in the generl dolescent student popultion in South fric. Studies from different regions in Sweden hve provided vrying lifetime estimtes for dolescents: 5.8% for mles nd 1.0% for femles versus 2.1% nd 0.2%, respectively (Kindlundh et l., 1999). Substntil regionl differences hve lso been found in the U.S. s well s in South fric. With the exceptions of Cnd, ntionl dt re lcking. The current knowledge bout S use, therefore, need s to be supplemented by lrge-scle nd ntionlly representtive smples from sites outside North meric. S reserch hs been mostly descriptive in nture. There hve been some ttempts t more theoreticlly driven reserch, but differing theoreticl perspectives hve rrely been contrsted. Theories of S use hve hd t lest three different viewpoints. First, mny studies hve tken sports perspective, nd these studies hve noted such motives s winning nd performing well in thletics. Thus, the prevlence of S use mong top thletes hs been reported to be high in such sports s footbll, trck nd field, weight lifting, body building nd possibly lso self-defense sports nd mrtil rts (Fields et l., 2004). High rtes of use hve been found t subelite levels nd mong college nd high-school thletes (Bhrke et l., 1998). Second, muscles not only mke you win, they fit the present-dy body idel. For men, this body idel implies upper torso strength nd mesomorph body type. For women, this is defined s slimness, prticulrly from the wist down, coupled with lrge brests (Wichstrom, 2000). To look good or to be big re the prime motives for S use mong gym-bsed weight triners nd mong the top two motives in the generl dolescent popultion. Eting problems nd concerns hve been found in mle body-builders nd S users. Possibly "reverse norexi" (Pope et l., 2000) nd hence S use hve prtly the sme etiology s eting disorders, including poor self-concept nd poor body stisfction. However, mong norml dolescents one of the prime motives for looking good is to enhnce one's chnces with the opposite gender, nd one could therefore

Minor capacity judgement Essay Example for Free

Minor capacity judgement Essay Mohori Bibee and another Vs. Dharmodas Ghose Mohori Bibee and another Vs. Dharmodas Ghose Options Dock Print PDF Court :  Kolkata Reported in :  (1903)30IndianAppeals114 Judge :  Lord Macnaghten; Lord Davey; Lord Lindley; Sir Ford North; Sir Andrew Scoble; Sir Andrew Wilson, JJ. Decided On :  Mar-04-1903 Acts :  Indian Evidence Act, 1877 Section 115; Indian Contract Act Sections 41, 19, 64, 65 Appellant :  Mohori Bibee and another Respondent :  Dharmodas Ghose Advocate for Respondent :  W. W. Box, Adv. Advocate for Appellant :  Watkins; Lempriere, Advs. Judgment: SIR FORD NORTH, J. On July 20, 1895, the respondent, Dhurmodas Ghose, executed a mortgage in favour of Brahmo Dutt, a money-lender carrying on business at Calcutta and elsewhere, to secure the repayment of Rs. 20,000 at 12 per cent. interest on some houses belonging to the respondent. The amount actually advanced is in dispute. At that time the respondent was an infant; and he did not attain twenty-one until the month of September following. Throughout the transaction Brahmo Dutt was absent from Calcutta, and the whole business was carried through for him by his attorney, Kedar Nath Mitter, the money being found by Dedraj, the local manager of Brahmo Dutt. While considering the proposed advance, Kedar Nath received information that the respondent was still a minor; and on July 15, 1895, the following letter was written and sent to him by Bhupendra Nath Bose, an attorney:— â€Å"Dear Sir,—I am instructed by S. M. Jogendranundinee Dasi, the mother and guardian appointed by the High Court under its letters patent of the person and property of Babu Dhurmodas Ghose, that a mortgage of the properties of the said Babu Dhurmodas Ghose is being prepared from your office. I am instructed to give you notice, which I hereby do, that the said Babu Dhurmodas Ghose is still an infant under the age of twenty-one, and any one lending money to him will do so at his own risk and peril. † Kedar Nath positively denied the receipt of any such letter; but the Court of first instance and the Appellate Court both held that he did personally receive it on July 15; and the evidence is conclusive upon the point. On the day on which the mortgage was executed, Kedar Nath got the infant to sign a long declaration, which, he had prepared for him, containing a statement that he came of age on June 17; and that Babu Dedraj and Brahmo Dutt, relying on his assurance that he had attained his majority, had agreed to advance to him Rs. 0,000. There is conflicting evidence as to the time when and circumstances under which that declaration was obtained; but it is unnecessary to go into this, as both Courts below have held that Kedar Nath did not act upon, and was not misled by, that statement, and was fully aware at the time the mortgage was executed of the minority of the respondent. It may be added here that Kedar Nath was the attorney and agent of Brahmo Dutt, and says in his evidence that he got the declaration for the greater security of his â€Å"client. † The infant had not any separate legal adviser. On September 10, 1895, the infant, by his mother and guardian as next friend, commenced this action against Brahmo Dutt, stating that he was under age when he executed the mortgage, and praying for a declaration that it was void and inoperative, and should be delivered up to be cancelled. The defendant, Brahmo Dutt, put in a defence that the plaintiff was of full age when he executed the mortgage; that neither he nor Kedar Nath had any notice that the plaintiff was then an infant; that, even if he was a minor, the declaration as to his age was fraudulently made to deceive the defendant, and disentitled the plaintiff to any relief; and that in any case the Court should not grant the plaintiff any relief without making him repay the moneys advanced. By a further statement the defendant alleged that the plaintiff had ubsequently ratified the mortgage; but this case wholly failed, and is not the subject of appeal. Jenkins J. , who presided in the Court of first instance, found the facts as above stated, and granted the relief asked. And the Appellate Court dismissed the appeal from him. Subsequently to the institution of the present appeal Brahmo Dutt died, and this appeal has been prosecuted by his executors. The first of the appellants reasons in support of the present appeal is that the Courts below were wrong in holding that the knowledge of Kedar Nath must be imputed to the defendant. In their Lordships opinion they were obviously right. The defendant was absent from Calcutta, and personally did not take any part in the transaction. It was entirely in charge of Kedar Nath, whose full authority to act as he did is not disputed. He stood in the place of the defendant for the purposes of this mortgage; and his acts and knowledge were the acts and knowledge of his principal. It was contended that Dedraj, the defendants gomastha, was the real representative in Calcutta of the defendant, and that he had no knowledge of the plaintiffs minority. But there is nothing in this. He no doubt made the advance out of the defendants funds. But he says in his evidence that â€Å"Kedar Babu was acting on behalf of my master from the beginning in this matter†; and a little further on he adds that before the registration of the mortgage he did not communicate with his master on the subject of the minority. But he did know that there was a question raised as to the plaintiffs age; and he says, â€Å"I left all matters regarding the minority in the hands of Kedar Babu. † The appellants counsel contended that the plaintiff is estopped by s. 115 of the Indian Evidence Act (I. f 1872) from setting up that he was an infant when he executed the mortgage. The section is as follows: â€Å"Estoppel. When one person has by his declaration act or omission intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true, and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative to deny the truth of that thing. † The Courts below seem to have decided that this section does not apply to infants; but their Lordships do not think it necessary to deal with that question now. They consider it clear that the section does not apply to a case like the present, where the statement relied upon is made to a person who knows the real facts and is not misled by the untrue statement. There can be no estoppel where the truth of the matter is known to both parties, and their Lordships hold, in accordance with English authorities, that a false representation, made to a person who knows it to be false, is not such a fraud as to take away the privilege of infancy: Nelson v. Stocker. 0 The same principle is recognised in the explanation to s. 19 of the Indian Contract Act, in which it is said that a fraud or misrepresentation which did not cause the consent to a contract of the party on whom such fraud was practised, or to whom such misrepresentation was made, does not render a contract voidable. The point most pressed, however, on behalf of the appellants was that the Courts ought not to have decreed in the respondents favour without ordering him to repay to the appell ants the sum of Rs. 0,500, said to have been paid to him as part of the consideration for the mortgage. And in support of this contention s. 64 of the Contract Act (IX. of 1872) was relied on:— â€Å"Sect. 64. When a person at whose option a contract is voidable rescinds it, the other party thereto need not perform any promise therein contained of which he is promisor. The party rescinding a voidable contract shall, if he have received any benefit thereunder from another party to such contract, restore such benefit, so far as may be, to the person from whom it was received.    Both Courts below held that they were bound by authority to treat the contracts of infants as voidable only, and not void; but that this section only refers to contracts made by persons competent to contract, and therefore not to infants. The general current of decision in India certainly is that ever since the passing of the Indian Contract Act (IX, of 1872) the contracts of infants are voidable onl y. This conclusion, however, has not been arrived at without vigorous protests by various judges from time to time; nor indeed without decisions to the contrary effect. Under these circumstances, their Lordships consider themselves at liberty to act on their own view of the law as declared by the Contract Act, and they have thought it right to have the case reargued before them upon this point. They do not consider it necessary to examine in detail the numerous decisions above referred to, as in their opinion the whole question turns upon what is the true construction of the Contract Act itself. It is necessary, therefore, to consider carefully the terms of that Act; but before doing so it may be convenient to refer to the Transfer of Property Act (IV of 1882), s. of which provides that every person competent to contract and entitled to transferable property. . . . is competent to transfer such property. . . . in the circumstances, to the extent, and in the manner allowed and prescribed by any law for the time bring in force. That is the Act under which the present mortgage was made, and it is merely dealing with persons competent to contract; and s . 4 of that Act provides that the chapters and sections of that Act which relate to contracts are to be taken as part of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The present case, therefore, falls within the provisions of the latter Act. Then, to turn to the Contract Act, s. 2 provides: (e) Every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other, is an agreement. (g) An agreement not enforceable by law is said to be void. (h) An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. (i) An agreement which is enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties thereto, but not at the option of the other or others, is a voidable contract. Sect. 0 provides: â€Å"All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. † Then s. 11 is most important, as defining who are meant by â€Å"persons competent to contract†; it is as follows; â€Å"Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is o f sound mind, and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. † Looking at these sections, their Lordships are atisfied that the Act makes it essential that all contracting parties should be â€Å"competent to contract,† and expressly provides that a person who by reason of infancy is incompetent to contract cannot make a contract within the meaning of the Act. This is clearly borne out by later sections in the Act. Sect. 68 provides that, â€Å"If a person incapable of entering into a contract, or any one whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person. It is beyond question that an infant falls within the class of persons here referred to as incapable of entering into a contract; and it is clear from the Act that he is not to be liable even for necessaries, a nd that no demand in respect thereof is enforceable against him by law, though a statutory claim is created against his property. Under ss. 183 and 184 no person under the age of majority can employ or be an agent. Again, under ss. 47 and 248, although a person under majority may be admitted to the benefits of a partnership, he cannot be made personally liable for any of its obligations; although he may on attaining majority accept those obligations if he thinks fit to do so. The question whether a contract is void or voidable presupposes the existence of a contract within the meaning of the Act, and cannot arise in the case of an infant. Their Lordships are, therefore, of opinion that in the present case there is not any such voidable contract as is dealt with in s. 64. A new point was raised here by the appellants counsel, founded on s. 5 of the Contract Act, a section not referred to in the Courts below, or in the cases of the appellants or respondent. It is sufficient to say tha t this section, like s. 64. starts from the basis of there being an agreement or contract between competent parties, and has no application to a case in which there never was, and never could have been, any contract. It was further argued that the preamble of the Act shewed that the Act was only intended to define and amend certain parts of the law relating to contracts, and that contracts by infants were left outside the Act. If this were so, it does not appear how it would help the appellants. But in their Lordships opinion the Act, so far as it goes, is exhaustive and imperative, and does provide in clear language that an infant is not a person competent to bind himself by a contract of this description. Another enactment relied upon as a reason why the mortgage money should be returned is s. 41 of the Specific Relief Act (I. of 1877), which is as follows: â€Å"Sect. 41. On adjudging the cancellation of an instrument the Court may require the party to whom such relief is granted to make any compensation to the other which justice may require. Sect. 38 provides in similar terms for a case of rescission of a contract. These sections, no doubt, do give a discretion to the Court; but the Court of first instance, and subsequently the Appellate Court, in the exercise of such discretion, came to the conclusion that under the circumstances of this case justice did not require them to order the return by the r espondent of money advanced to him with full knowledge of his infancy, and their Lordships see no reason for interfering with the discretion so exercised. It was also contended that one who seeks equity must do equity. But this is the last point over again, and does not require further notice except by referring to a recent decision of the Court of Appeal in Thurstan v. Nottingham Permanent Benefit Building Society21, since affirmed by the House of Lords. 22 In that case a female infant obtained from the society of which she was a member part of the purchase-money of some property she purchased; and the society also agreed to make her advances to complete certain buildings thereon. They made the advances, and took from her a mortgage for the amount. On attaining twenty-one she brought the action to have the mortgage declared void under the Infants Relief Act. The Court held that, as regards the purchase-money paid to the vendor, the society was entitled to stand in his place and had a lien upon the property, but that the mortgage must be declared void, and that the society was not entitled to any repayment of the advances. Dealing with this part of their claim Romer L. J, says23: â€Å"The short answer is that a Court of Equity cannot say that it is equitable to compel a person to pay any moneys in respect of a transaction which as against that person the Legislature has declared to be void. So here. Their Lordships observe that the construction which they have put upon the Contract Act seems to be in accordance with the old Hindu Law as declared in the laws of Menu, ch. viii. 163; and Colebrookes Dig. liii. 2, vol. ii. p. 181; although there are no doubt, decisions of some weight that before the Indian Contract Act an infants contract was voidable only in accordance with English law as it then stood. The appeal, therefore, wholly fails; and their Lordships will humbly advise His Majesty that it should be dismissed. The appellants must pay the costs of the appeal.