Laissez-faire Economy Essays - Classical Liberalism,

Laissez-faire Economy Concept of the Invisible Hand in a Laissez-faire economy "By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of it." Adam Smith, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1776. What business does a government have in commerce and trade? Why would a government want to interfere between two countries benefiting from each other by trade? What right does the government have in two individuals wanting each other's products or services? According to some, commerce and trade should be permitted to operate free of controls of any kind; there should be no tariffs or other barriers. This is where the term laissez-faire is introduced. It's direct translation in French, "leave alone to do", is self-explanatory. A strong believer in this type of economics is Adam Smith, both a philosopher and an economist. Born on 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Fife, he studied at Oxford, and became a professor of logic at Glasgow (1751), but took up the chair of moral philosophy the following year. In 1776, he moved to London, where he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), the first major work of political economy. This examined in detail the consequences of economic freedom, such as division of labor, the function of markets, and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy. Adam Smith is most remembered today for his explanation of our market system. A majority of people saw confusion when they observed economic activity in England during the middle of the 18th century. They saw everyone doing whatever they pleased and deemed necessary. Businesses produced whatever they wanted to make. Consumers purchased whatever they wanted to buy. No one told anyone what had to be bought and what had to be sold especially the government. And yet, somehow, businesses seemed to be providing the goods and services that consumers wanted and needed. Some might have called it luck; Adam Smith called it an "invisible hand". And today, it is considered the laissez-faire economy. The "invisible hand" is a term for the unseen process of co-ordination which ensures consistency of individual plans in a decentralized market economy (Pearce, 220). Adam Smith introduced this phrase in his book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Book IV, Chap. II), who stressed the role that the "invisible hand" played in attaining a harmony of interests. Imagine this "invisible hand" suspended above everyone. This "invisible hand" encourages businesspeople to pursue profits and it pushes consumers to buy goods and services. And at the same time, that "invisible hand" discourages government from directing the economic activity. This "invisible hand" that Adam Smith refers to as a guiding force was the people and their attitudes. It all started with profit-seeking individuals. Using self-interest to feed their drive, people started businesses. When a business would become successful, others would notice and enter into the same field. As a direct result, growing consumer demand was satisfied while competition controlled rising prices. As demand grew, businesses were established in which workers shared tasks. This is called division of labor, in which one worker handled the first stage, another the second, and a third finished the product. The result was mass production, more efficiency, and lower costs. Mass production meant that people no longer had to grow there own food and remain on the farm; there would be enough to supply a large workforce. Paying all those laborers resulted in an army of consumers with money to spend. Adam Smith argued that an individual acting purely out of self-interest, would be a progressive force for the maximization of the total wealth of a nation. The role of the government should be permissive, creating a legal defensive setup sufficient to allow individual action. Interference with the free working of this natural order will reduce the growth of wealth and misdirect resources. Though Smith argued for laissez-faire, he recognized the need for minimal government intervention. For example, a tariff for infant industries and for the three functions of the state- security, justice and certain public works (Pearce, 397). Our economic system today seems to lean toward another philosophy called Keynesian economics. Keynesian economics is based on a belief that the economy

recession in india

recession in india Free Online Research Papers Global Recession has brought magnanimous amount of grief and anxiety to all workers all over the world. It has severely affected the lifestyles and the living conditions of people worldwide. Business closing down, great retrenchment and staggering percentage of unemployment mirror how recession affects our modern world. People are overly vacated with what are the jobs that won’t be directly affected by recession and how to stay afloat amidst this time of ordeal. According to the latest employment projections from United States Department of Labor, good tidings are on the horizon for all job seekers. Here’s the 5 stable jobs expected to experience employment frenzy through 2018. 1. Accountants and Auditors They provide vital services to companies and individuals who want to maintain solid financial footing by analyzing and communicating financial information, ensuring public records are kept, and preparing taxes. Recession resistance: Accountants and auditors held 1.3 million jobs in 2008, and that number is expected to increase by 279,400 over the next decade into 2018. Education: A bachelor’s degree in accounting, is the most widely sought-after qualification by employers. For upper-level positions, some employers might prefer a master’s degree in accounting or business administration. Average yearly salary: $65,840 2. Medical Assistants Providing needed assistance in the offices of physicians, podiatrists, and chiropractors, medical assistants handle administrative, clinical, or other specialized tasks. Recession resistance: The U.S. Department of Labor forecasts the number of medicals assistants will grow 34 percent from 2008-2018. Reasons: Medical advancements and an aging U.S. population. Education: Medical assisting certificate and associate’s degree programs provide academic and clinical training in various areas and can usually be completed in one to two years. Average yearly salary: $29,060 3. Registered Nurses RNs treat patients, give advice about medical conditions, instruct families on how to deal with health issues, and provide valuable emotional support. Recession resistance: RNs are the largest health care occupation with 2.6 million jobs. And that number is expected to increase by 22 percent through 2018. Reasons: Increasingly complex medical treatments and the rising number of aging Americans needing long-term care. Education: A bachelor’s degree, an associate’s degree, and a diploma, from an approved nursing program are the three most common educational avenues to a career as an RN. You’ll advance further and faster with a more advanced degree. Average yearly salary: $65,130 4. Computer Software Engineers Programmers They make computers tick by creating, testing, and evaluating software applications and systems. Engineers might even design the latest hot-selling computer game or develop a new operating system. Recession resistance: In 2008, computer software engineers and programmers held about 1.3 million jobs. That figure is expected to jump 21 percent by 2018. Reasons: Concerns over information security and increased needs for new software. Education: Bachelor’s degrees in computer programming and applications, networking, or information systems, are among the most sought after by employers. An associate’s degree or certificate might suffice for others. Average yearly salary: $73,470 5. Management Analysts Sometimes called management consultants, analysts serve private industry by evaluating and recommending ways to better an organization’s efficiency and productivity or to increase profits. Recession resistance: Competition for management analyst jobs is highly competitive, but firms who might hire consultants specializing in environmental (â€Å"green†) issues are expected to help the number of analysts jobs grow by 24 percent into the year 2018. Education: Educational requirements in this field might vary for entry-level positions. A master’s degree in business administration or a related field – such as e-business or e-commerce – is considered useful. However, because analysts handle a wide range of projects, a bachelor’s degree in fields such as human resources, information technology, or marketing and sales could open doors. Average yearly salary: $82,92 Latest Trend in Recruitments Temporary Staffing in Indian Companies The HR fraternity in India is undergoing sea level changes with upcoming trends like e-recruitments, outsourcing HR functions, and the like. Now the next big thing Temporary Staffing is gaining acceptance across industries. Few months back the job market was overflowed with people who were labeled as leftover guys who could not find a permanent job for themselves. But that is passà © now. Companies are recruiting employees on temporary basis mainly for a particular project, paying them off and then letting them go as soon as the project is over. What is Temping? Temping is the process of hiring temporary workers or, as they are called Temps, for a shorter duration of time for a particular project and remain in the company till the project lasts. The temps work for one Client Company while being on rolls of a third party. A temp is contract worker who is being hired for a short time, typically till a project lasts. The contract ranges from a period of 2 months to 15 months. These temps are made available by the employee leasing firms like TeamLease. Such companies provide a wide range of temporary staffing solutions including temporary-to-permanent services where in the company hires an employee for trial basis and absorbs him within the company on the basis on his performance; and long-term contracts where temps are hired for a longer period of time which may last up to two years. The non core functions like sales, front office, customer support, finance, back end operations and administration demand more temps. The reason seems to be quite obvious companies focus on their core functions to sustain the cut throat competition, while they outsource their non core functions. In India, almost 80 million people are working on temporary basis, however a meager 0.5 per cent of them are employed in the organized sector. Currently there are about 1,20,000 to 1,30,000 temps working with over 500 companies, including ICICI Lombard, Bharti, Reliance Infocomm, HP, Wipro BPO, Transworks and so on. If we go by sector basis, studies show that temps are predominant in IT sector. However, others sectors like banking, FMCG, retail and consumer durables sector are also showing their interest in hiring temps. So how often do these temporary workers turn into permanent employees? Though, earlier, the chance of being absorbed by the company was almost negligible, the trend is gaining pace as the demand for skilled workforce is increasing. The conversion rate has grown up to 20 to 30 percent form four percent. Why Temping Temping started off with MNCs hiring contract workers. It comes with a packet of benefits for the organizations as well as for the employees. Organizations enjoy the benefit of workforce flexibility and ease of recruitments and quick replacements. Temping also saves training costs as leasing companies direct skilled and experienced workers to the companies. Moreover, non productive employees can be chucked out without many complications. By outsourcing non core functions, the company deeply focuses on its core functions only. The companies also get more work done from temporary workers and also escape for paying them perks and incentives. From employees point of view, temping helps an employee to acquire different skills and upgrade basic skills by working in different setups. Employees acquire multiple skills to remain employable is competitive job markets. Temping even offers tempting career opportunities to housewives, retired personnel, people with defense backgrounds, freelancers and freshers. Temps who work for big brands also boast about the same in their resumes, thus, giving them an advantage over others. These are some flip sides of temping too. Job insecurity always acts as a demotivator for others candidates. The temps hardly get any perks and incentives like the permanent employees. The chances of becoming permanent with the client company are also less so possibility of achieving a stable career lacks. The underperformers are always at risk as they can be sacked anytime and that too without a notice. Moreover, too much hopping act as red flags in ones resume. Sustaining the trend Though job security is still essential for many in India, an increasing number of young people are opting for temporary jobs. The market for such jobs will grow exponentially in coming years. Almost every sector, be it capital intensive or labor intensive, is showing keen interest in temps. Moreover, those candidates who have a hunger for multiple skills, are increasingly taking up these jobs. Permanent job assurance is now passà © as downsizing can happen any time. Temping will prove to be a viable option in such cases. The industry watchers believe that this new HR trend is here to stay. The Future Of Temporary Staffing Temporary staffing is expected to grow exponentially in the country, in the near future. â€Å"It is the quality and ease of availability of manpower that would define the role employee leasing organisations stand to play, not only in non-core functions but also certain core business areas of organisations,† points out Reddy, adding that it is imperative for outsourcing partners to move from â€Å"only† employee leasing to complete end-to-end â€Å"activity management.† It is also necessary for outsourcing partners to be equipped with vertical and functional specialisations, with key differentiators customised to the Indian employment scenario. In a recruitment market where the concept of full-time employment is increasingly becoming a thing of the past, temporary staffing is emerging as the viable option. Advantages of temporary staffing The opportunity for organisations to focus on core areas Flexibility of employment Ease of recruitment and replacement Long-term cost advantages Benefits of scale Future of recruitments India Inc is likely to witness 10-15 per cent increase in hiring in 2010-11, led by the telecom sector which is forecast to provide awhopping over one lakh jobs, global consultancy Ernst Young has said Indian job market seems to be striking right chord with countrys working population, as more and more vacancies are being created and filled across sectors. On a conservative stand, percentage increase in hiring in the new fiscal can be between 10-15 per cent, Ernst Young Partner and National Head (People Organisation) N S Rajan told PTI. The telecom growth story would continue in the fiscal and hiring activity in this sector is likely to be in excess of 1,00,000 jobs, Rajan said. Other sectors that are likely to lead hiring in the new fiscal include pharmaceuticals, FMCG and education, as they are facing a talent crunch at present. Ernst Young, however, believes that despite the ensuing euphoria over rising number of jobs, companies are likely to approach hiring with caution due to the hard lesson learnt in the past. Although most companies are doing away with hiring freeze imposed during the economic downturn, they are likely to hire strategically and look for long-term talent needs and not near term staffing requirements. Moreover, Ernst Young believes that while hiring would continue mostly to meet the replacement demand created as a result of erstwhile hiring freeze, there are likely to be mixed trends in the level of hiring activity across sectors. Though hiring has picked up in the economy across sectors like pharmaceutical, chemical, auto, insurance, education, retail and IT, it is unlikely that the bullish hiring trends of 2007 will be restored within the next one year, Rajan said. In sectors like auto/auto-components, banking, financial services and insurance (BFSI), and real estate, the hiring is on the rise to primarily fill in vacancies resulting from significant downsizing in the past and to meet future expansion plans. Interestingly, most companies are expecting higher attrition levels over the next few months on account of jobs coming back into economy resulting in increments being used as a tool to retain talent. Suffered IT Industry Due to Recession The final tally of jobs lost due to recession in the US is out. Computer World has reported that the US tech industry lost 250,000 jobs last year, nearly 4% of its total workforce. Tech manufacturing was worst hit and lost 8.1% or 112,600 jobs. Software services, which was least hit, lost 1.2% or 21,000 jobs. Overall, technology did better than other sectors of US economy which registered an overall unemployment rate of 9.3% last year. The report says hiring is back in the US with improving economy. California, Texas, New York, Florida and Virginia are top five states for finding jobs in the US. Though Indian IT industry also saw significant layoffs, there is no convincing data on the number of jobs lost due to recession. Most Indian firms, including the big players, chose to fire their employees stealthily on performance issues. Research Papers on recession in indiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Hip-Hop is ArtThe Project Managment Office System

Highly competent teachers who collaborate in planning and problem Assignment

Highly competent teachers who collaborate in planning and problem solving - Assignment Example Moreover, collaborative planning in education enables educators and learners to work on the same problem - real world situations - and solve them through shared knowledge. The teacher becomes part of the team and attempt to solve individual learning problems. They jointly stimulate solution finding and hence initiate systematic and practical learning. In practice, classrooms teachers can play the important role of change agent because they can facilitate hands-on experience for students through interactive and tactile learning environment. With the goal to induct students into practical settings like college and workplace in mind, teachers can develop learning structures such as: In addition, teachers who are competent recognize efficacy of personalization and relationship building to filter weak students from smart ones. Not will they stop at this but arrange for equitable learning environment involving shared tasks, knowledge, and peer learning. They will also assess performance not only based on right or wrong answers but how problems have been solved, leadership qualities, knowledge application and so on. Assessment of collaborative planning and problem solving outcomes is imperative for students’ motivation for further education. Assessment criteria should be fair, explicit and systematic in order to reach to a mutually accountable assessment outcome. For this to be viable, students should be given collaborative projects with collective outcomes but assessed based on their contribution in the project. Some examples of practical projects include presentation, field research, and real-life problem/case study. Students might work on these projects in collaboration with peers but they will be assessed based on ability to work in a team as well as independently. The objective of such a plan is to ensure students learn how

Anaylsis Wordsworth A Slumer Did Steal My Sleep Essay

Anaylsis Wordsworth A Slumer Did Steal My Sleep - Essay Example There are many connotations of words and phrases. In the beginning, â€Å"a slumber did my spirit seal† connotes the idea of the author being unconscious or unaware of reality, in that a sleep has rendered him ignorant of reality. â€Å"The touch of earthly years† is a phrase which connotes the idea of immortality or agelessness. The last two lines are especially connotative â€Å"Roll’d round in earth’s diurnal force, with rocks, and stones, and trees†. These phrases and words are earthy and connote the physical world around us. They are also suggestive of nature and the natural lifecycle of the environment. The characters mentioned are both the author and the subject who appears to be female. The author speaks for himself at the beginning, then describes the fate of a woman, the subject of the poem. The relationship between the two is suggested in the lines â€Å"she seem’d a thing that could not feel, the touch of earthly years†. The author describes his perception of this woman, as someone who seemed otherworldly, or beyond physical interference. This suggests that he was in love with her, and that this love blinded him to her vulnerability and humanity. There are several images used. â€Å"Rocks and stones and trees† conjure images of death, burials, nature and of life cycles. â€Å"I had no human fears† and â€Å"the touch of earthly fears† convey images of a realm beyond physicality and time. â€Å"Slumber† is a symbolic word. Rather than literally meaning sleep, the author uses this word to symbolize his sense of being unaware of the vulnerability of this woman. â€Å"Human fears† symbolizes the spiritual dimension the author seems to have existed in when he was with this woman.†rocks and stones and trees† are symbolic of the fact that this woman is now dead and buried, in the ground, part of the earth. Themes in this poem appear to be loss and the feeling that

Interview data collected and analysed (grammar, linking words, rewrite Essay

Interview data collected and analysed (grammar, linking words, rewrite concussions for each part - Essay Example It is quite necessary to conduct such a study in Saudi Arabia, as it is one of the most resourceful countries. Unfortunately most of its resources are wasted on unnecessary purposes like maintenance of buildings, especially hospitals. So this study bring to light a good point that maintenance costs would be less or not required at all if there is no faulty construction. However, there is a need to focus on the relationship between design building and maintenance, in terms of reduced maintenance budgets, in order to avoid design defects in Saudi Arabia, as the harsh climate of the Saudi Arabian Rub Al-Khali shortens the life of buildings. Therefore, this study will talk about the appropriate steps that should be considered while building new infrastructures in the future. Poor designing leads to defects and imperfections in the building structure, and it occurs due to defects in material selection, ventilation arrangements that are made as well as flooring defects that occur during th e construction process of the building. The beginning chapters lay emphasis on maintenance and stress that maintenance of buildings is increasing annually by great margins in Saudi Arabia. One of the main cause for this increase is the defects that take place during the construction process itself because if a building is constructed with the right selection of quality materials with the right design concepts and with the accurate plan then the maintenance cost required will be much. This is due to the fact that quality building material during construction will obviate the necessity for frequent repairs. As a continuation of the previous chapters it is an understood fact that building designs, which ignored the maintenance practicality and adequacy were the main determinants of increased maintenance costs in case of the hospitals in Saudi Arabia. But this maintenance is difficult because of the non-availability of replacement materials, skilled personnel and lack of funding for mai ntenance purposes. Hospital maintenance in Saudi Arabia is governed by a number of rules, which resist breakdown provisions of hospitals. Compared to other buildings, it is a hospital that requires timely and appropriate maintenance, as it is a life saving institution as doctors try their maximum to treat the patients. It is an established fact that hospital buildings should be based on the equipments that the hospital plans to install. Thus, the issue of maintenance stems from the wrong designing concept that has been used. Design faults in hospitals require costly restoration as maintenance cost or it requires the total tearing down of those buildings. Specification writing defect is a design fault, which is of high importance in the construction of hospitals. The next identified defect in design fault is the wrong material selection. Thus, proper care should be given with respect to procurement of materials and it would be good to prepare a material requirement plan in advance so that shortage of materials does not lead to the procurement of defected materials. In the literature review it has been mentioned about TQM or Total Quality Management. TQM is considered as a revolutionary approach to successful organization. The numerous researches in TQM have materialized from realistic requirements of organizations implementing the principles, which is highly practical

Biography of Ernst Ruska

Biography of Ernst Ruska ERNST RUSKA INTRODUCTION Mankind has come a long way since the dark ages in the field of science and medicine. We have seen many great inventions and discoveries that have helped shape our lifestyle. The electron microscope was one such invention which helped scientists and medical practitioners detect deadly diseases and viruses. The electron microscope helped scientists detect differences between the virus that caused smallpox and the virus that caused chicken pox. Today the electron microscope continues to be an integral part of many laboratories helping researchers to examine biological materials, medical biopsy samples and the characteristics of various surfaces. However, due credit should be given to the man behind the invention of this great apparatus. That man was none other than Ernst Ruska. Ernst Ruska came from a humble family whose intellect surpassed other children his age. Boisterous and full of life, Ernst went on to create history when he collaborated with Dr. Max Knoll to invent the world’s first electron microscope. So what drove Ernst towards the complex field of mathematics and science? What were the difficulties he had to face before becoming the man who today is known as the father of microscopes? Let us go back in time and explore the journey of Ernst Ruska and witness firsthand his rise to glory. THE BIRTH OF A GENIUS It was a typical cold morning on 25th December 1906 in Heidelberg, Germany. Julius Ruska and his wife Elisabeth welcomed a beautiful baby boy into their family. Elisabeth had tears of joy as Julius gently caressed the baby with affection. The baby was christened Ernst Ruska by the proud parents. Ernst’s father, Julius was a professor, a passionate botanist and a mineralogist who had the big Zeiss microscope kept in his study. For an innocent child like Ernst, the microscope seemed very unique and strange. Ernst was fascinated by this strange looking artefact and wanted to see it in person. However, his father strictly forbade him to touch the microscope. But, like all children, this only heightened Ernst’s curiosity. Ernst’s father noticed the keen interest his son showed towards the microscope. So, he would take time off his busy schedule and show Ernst magnified objects with the invention. Ernst’s uncle was in charge of an observatory on a hill overlooking Heidelberg. As a result, Ernst would often visit the observatory to meet his uncle and see the telescopes in action. After graduating from school, Ernst wanted to study engineering but his father, Julius was not too happy with the decision. Julius was very judgemental of his son’s decision to become an engineer. â€Å"How could the son of a Professor choose an inferior educational path?† thought Julius. However, Ernst was adamant about his decision to study engineering and got himself enrolled at the Technical College in Munich in the autumn of 1925 and later moved to Berlin. EARLY YEARS Ernst was extremely energetic as a student and began involving himself in studying high voltage and vacuum technology at the institute of High voltage under the tutelage of Adolf Matthias. Sometime around the end of the summer term in 1928, Mr. Matthias formed a small team to develop a high-performance cathode ray oscilloscope. When Ernst heard of Mr. Matthias’ plan, he jumped at the opportunity and joined the small team created by Matthias becoming the team’s youngest member. The team was headed by Ernst’s classmate called Max Knoll who was an electrical engineer. Ernst noticed that the cathode in the oscilloscope emitted a beam of electrons which could be used to form a dot or a writing spot on a fluorescent screen. But, the beam emitting from the cathode was unstable. Ernst and his team put all their energies into improving the cathode and sharpening the focus of the electron beams. During their research Ernst came across an article in a journal called ‘Archives Elektrotechnic’. The article was written by a professor named Hans Busch. In the article, Busch stated that the short coil present in the cathode generated a magnetic field that made stimulated electron particles behave in the same way as light when it passed through a convex glass lens. Ernst remembered his childhood and realised that the same type of lens was found in his father’s microscope. Unfortunately, Busch was unable to bring his brilliant theory to practical use due to unavailability of newer data. However, Ernst was fascinated by Busch’s theory and decided to make it a part of his thesis which he submitted in his graduate years in May 1929 at the age of 23. In his thesis, Ernst calculated the characteristics of the magnetic coil. He tested whether it could actually be used to unite electron rays and focus on a target. He was successful in his approach and with the use of the coil; he managed to gain the first recorded electron ocular images of the anode orifice of the cathode ray tube. Ernst was elated to say the least. He had just brought Busch’s theory to life! An accomplishment which even Busch was unable to achieve! A SLOW PATH TO SUCCESS Ernst had an innovative outlook towards his profession. Yes, he was successful in obtaining images but his main agenda was to create an electron microscope. However, it wasn’t an easy task. In 1930, at the age of 24 Ernst tried to create a cheaper version of this experiment as part of his diploma thesis but failed to come through. So, Ernst went back to his original idea of using coils as lenses. Using two coils, Ernst managed to build a tube similar to the microscope. Ernst tested the apparatus for the first time and noted that the magnification factor of his unique invention was a mere 15 units. Even though the magnification of the apparatus was far lower than what Ernst had expected, he had managed to prove to his peers that it was possible to obtain magnified images using electron beams and magnetic fields. One day while working on developing the apparatus further, Ernst noticed that the electrons in the machine emitted a huge quantity of heat. The heat was destroying the objects that were being viewed by Ernst through the machine. Ernst was a bit disappointed with this outcome. There was no use of creating modestly magnified images when the objects in view could be burnt to ashes. Thus, Ernst along with colleague Bodo von Borries and Max Knoll ventured on building a new and efficient microscope. However, Ernst knew that in order to impress the scientific society, his microscope would have to be better than the current light microscope which was being used. During the process of constructing his very first electron microscope, Ernst noted that the trick to compressing the magnetic field to a tiny area relied heavily on the shape of the coil. The coil had to be designed in a way that the focal length could be kept as short as possible. Keeping the focal length short was a must so that the apparatus could obtain images with high magnification. To achieve this, Ernst and his colleague Bodo constructed a coil cocooned by iron with a small gap in the center which helped to compress the magnetic field. Ernst and Bodo named their coil the â€Å"pole shoe lens† and had it patented in 1932. Finally after a year of thorough research and sleepless nights, 27 years old Ernst and his colleagues built the first electron microscope in 1933. Unlike Ernst’s previous invention which had a magnification factor of merely 15 units, this new microscope had a magnification factor of a humongous 12000 units. Finally, after years of research and dedication, Ernst finally managed to achieve his dream. OVERCOMING OBSTACLES The feat of inventing the first ever electron microscope in the world should have brought joy to Ernst. But, on the contrary Ernst wasn’t too happy as he couldn’t convince the industry to invest in the production of his microscope. The problem of overheating the objects under the lens of the microscope was still a major concern. Ernst noticed that the electron microscope would mostly be utilized by biologists. He also realised that the vacuum tube present in the microscope dehydrated the specimens and the electrons damaged them. On most occasions the heat generated burnt the specimen to ashes. Ernst was in a fix as he was unable to come to a solution to this particular problem. He turned to his younger brother, Helmut Ruska for assistance. Helmut Ruska was a medical practitioner with a positive attitude. He was sure the microscope would work if certain improvements were made. As a result, Helmut approached Richard Siebeck who was the director of the medical clinic at the Charity Hospital. Richard was also Helmut’s former medical professor and so, he managed to convince Richard to invest his time and effort into his brother’s invention. Richard was initially reluctant but after 3 years on 2nd October 1936, Siebeck praised Ernst’s invention and explained how the microscope could help doctors in analyzing the cause of diseases. He credited Ernst by stating that the microscope was capable of advancing research into identifying infectious agents that caused diseases which on paper seemed similar to each other. Diseases like measles, smallpox, and chickenpox seemed to have similar symptoms but Richard knew that the infectious agents causing the diseases were different. And he backed Ernst by stating that the microscope would be helpful in distinguishing the agents. Richard Siebeck’s testimony was enough to convince industries and companies to take the financial risk and and invest in developing electron microscopes. A renowned company called ‘Siemens’ hired Ernst and Bodo von Borries in 1937. Together Ernst and Bodo began work on producing microscopes. In late 1939 Siemens delivered the first series of microscopes branded â€Å"Siemens Super Microscope† to the laboratories of I.G. Farben in Frankfurt-Hochst. Ernst was eager to make his instrument famous all over the country. So in order to promote his invention, he suggested to the CEOs of his company Siemens to set up a visiting institute so that biologists and doctors could carry out their research using his microscope. The Institute of Electron Optics was built in 1940 when Ernst was 34 years old. Ernst along with German and foreign scientists managed to publish around 200 scientific papers from the institute by 1944. Ernst was obviously involved in the development and mass production of the electron microscope. Following the Second World War which proved to be devastating for Germany, the Institute of Electron Optics was disbanded. As a result production of microscopes had come to a halt. The demand for the instrument was huge and so in order to meet the demands of his customers; Ernst reconstituted the institute. FINAL YEARS In order to further develop the microscope, Ernst began working at the German academy of Sciences in Berlin from August 1947 to December 1948. In 1949, at the age of 43 he was made the head of department at the Fritz Haber Institute. After spending almost 20 years at Siemens, Ernst left the company at the age of 49 in 1955. After two years at the age of 51, Ernst was made Director of the institute of electron microscopy at the Fritz Haber Institute on 27th June 1957. In 1960, Ernst’s contribution to the field of medical science was acknowledged when he was awarded the Lasker Award. Ernst spent the 1960s serving as Director at Fritz Haber. He also held lectures at the Technical University of Berlin and Free University where he would talk about the basic principles of electron optics and electron microscopy. On 31st December 1974 at the age of 68, Ernst stepped down as Director and officially announced his retirement. In 1986, 80 years old Ernst received the Nobel Prize for his contribution to science. 25th May 1988 was a gloomy day in West Berlin. 82 years old Ernst Ruska left the world peacefully. He was cremated in West Berlin. TRIBUTE Even though Ernst left the world, his invention of the electron microscope continues to help biologists and medical practitioners till date. His ability to think out of the box was a quality that helped him reach a stage of grandeur. Ernst was all alone during the initial years of his studies when he stated that an electron microscope could be developed. Many doubted him and scoffed at his idea that an apparatus of such great significance could actually be built. The same people had to eat their hats when the microscope was finally invented. What one should learn from this legendary inventor is that one should never lose the will to succeed. Ernst’s life would have been very different had he chosen to give up on his dreams. Like they say, man is the maker of his own destiny and Ernst deserved every accolade that he received for his ingenuity. Here’s saluting the legendary inventor and genius known as Ernst Ruska.

The Ruling Elite and the Development of the Middle East :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many dynasties and kingdoms have ruled the area of what we now call the Middle East. In almost all of the societies, it is the wealthier, educated, and a particular race or ethnicity that ruled. These positions were usually acquired through power, either by a civil war or an overthrow of the previous government. From the late eleventh century to the reign of Mohammed Ali in the early to mid nineteenth century, whoever were the ruling elite was able to shape the direction and development of country or territory in three different ways; socially, economically and politically. By controlling the policies of the government the ruling elite was able to control the economics of the country and socially constructing it as well in the process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The policies in the regions vary from area to area due to the ruling power. Some harsh to their society and imply policies that favor a certain group of people. During the Mamluk period, the soldiers were required to train on horseback with the use lance, bow and sword. Although when the Circassian period (1382-1517), the type of training the soldiers were required to practice shifted to the hippodrome. Until Barquq, the founder of the Circassian line, abolished the use of the hippodrome. By shaping the ways your military trains, the leader is responsible for preparation of his troops leaving them vulnerable to invasions or ready to conquer new lands. The Mamluks were reluctant to enter the new age of technology and industrialization and still insisted on the usage of the hippodromes, which had long been absent from the new â€Å"industrialized’ countries. In August of 1514, 12,000 Ottoman soldiers were carrying the gun. The Safawid army that carried sword s and trained in the hippodromes was annihilated. If the government would have allowed the usage of the gun, the soldiers would have stood a chance. The Ottoman empire, through this new technology was able to become the largest empire in history. (Cultural Reader, 52-63)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The policies in which a ruling government imposes determines the economic development and direction of a country. As new rulers come into a country a transformation of culture and economics. With the Ottomans ruling many areas of the Middle East were becoming more dependant on Europe. With Europe being the center of business of the time, trade between the two regions was at an all time high. Europeans were eager to get the spices, cloth and other items from the ‘orient’.

Compare and Contrast WWI & WWII Essay

There are a lot of similarities and differences between the two world wars. A main factor, however, is that the events in the first world war basically caused most of the events to happen in the second world war. The two wars are very closely tied together and have a big relationship with each other.First off, some of the differences from the first world war to the second. If we compare the costs of the two world wars, the difference is outstanding. It is estimated that the First World War cost 380 billion dollars, while the Second World War cost 42,000 billion dollars.(militaryhistory.com) That right there shows us how much bigger the Second World War was over the first. The ways people fought in the First World War had very little in common with the way they fought in the Second World War. World War I started the trend that there was no difference between the citizens of a nation and the military. World War II finishes off this trend by bombing and killing any member of a nation, including the normal citizen . Life did not matter as much in the Second World War. Trench warfare was dominant in the First World War, but bombings and sudden aerial attacks, with highly mobile armies took dominance in the Second World War . The Second World War was not greeted with the same frame of mind like the First World War was. This war had men and women remembering the horrors of the first. It had them entering the Second World War with determination and a better appreciation of the devastation that war could bring .There were also some similarities to both world wars. Both wars were started by threats to the balance of power, and both were conflicts between entire nations and people, not the governments . Both wars started with a general war in Europe and escalated to a worldwide situation. Eastern Europe also went under transformations after both World Wars . Both World Wars included the falling of major empires. The First World War saw the fall of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires. The Second World War saw the end of the British, French, and Dutch empires. The collapse of these empires caused similar results after both World Wars, they started conflicts among ethnic peoples with many different religions.(Historychannel.com) The major cause for the First World War was  the assassination of the Austrian archduke. This is what started all the bloodshed and battles for the first war. Nobody really saw the First World War coming, and after it was over Woodrow Wilson said it was the â€Å"war to end all wars† . So many people had died in the First World War and Wilson wanted to get something good out of it, so he tried to approve the Treaty of Versailles even though he was very ill. All the countries ended up accepting this treaty, except for the United States. This treaty was never passed and kept getting shot down until Wilson finally died in 1924 . Many people agree that nothing in World War I was worth all the slaughter. The darkness of the First World War shaped the next 20 years for the Second World War. Many events from the First World War are directly related to the Second World War. Many people agree that Adolf Hitler could not have done what he did without the First World War occurring. The cause of the Second World War was related to the failure of the peace terms from the First World War. These peace terms created as many problems as they may have solved . Another point was made that Lenin’s plans for international revolution in the aftermath of World War I, which were not fulfilled, would be fulfilled in the course of World War II .(Discoverychannel.com) At the end of the First World War, Britain, France, and Italy establish their indirect and direct rule throughout the remaining Ottoman lands except for the territory of the Turkish Republic. At the same time, the retreat of Western colonialism was happening and accelerated dramatically in the aftermath of World War II. The collapse of the Soviet Union brought more independence to Muslim societies (Historychannel.com). According to Franklin Roosevelt, the Second World War would â€Å"end the system of unilateral action, the exclusive alliances, the balances of power, and all the other expedients that have been tried for centuries – and have always failed.† We will have a â€Å"universal organization† of â€Å"peace-loving Nations† and the beginning of a â€Å"permanent structure of peace†.(Historychannel.com) Instead World War II produced a truly global Cold War. World War I generated fascism, communism, and the reversal of a century-old trend toward democracy. The conclusion of the First World War happened because Wilson came up with the Fourteen Points, which was the  best-known peace proposal for all the countries. The Treaty of Versailles was the final conclusion to this war. Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau finalized it . The conclusion of the Second World War was quite deadlier. The United States ended this war by dropping two atom bombs on Japan’s infamous cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The peace settlement was started by Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt after Japan gave its unconditional acceptance of Allied demands. Many people agree that absolutely nothing good came out of the First World War, which I believe is true. The only thing that came out of the First World War was the setting up for the Second World War. One very good thing came out of the Second World War, and that was the United Nations and the Security Council. For once the world had a united body that they could turn to. This has seemed to be working well since we have not had any major wars since World War II. I do feel though that the United States will do whatever it wants even if the United Nations and rest of the Security Council disagree with them. A good example of this is the recent military action on Iraq. Basically, the entire UN Council is somewhat against this, yet the United States feels it’s there right to move in. I still believe though that the United Nations was a very good thing that came from World War II. There is one thing we do have to consider though. Was the bloodshed and killing of World War I and World War II worth the forming of the United Nations? Some people think these World Wars had to happen as advancement in society. But that is a whole different story.

The 7 Biggest Social Media Mistakes

The 7 Biggest Social Media Mistakes Social media can be an incredibly valuable tool for you professionally, either for networking or in a  job search. It can also derail your best and most professional efforts by giving a potential employer the wrong impression of you at the worst possible time with these 7 biggest social media mistakes. Here are 7 common social media mistakes you should avoid.1. Inappropriate photosEasiest step: make all of your photos private. More nuanced step: go through and take down any pictures of you high, or partying, or wielding a gun, or wearing an offensive t-shirt, or making an obscene gesture, etc. Sit down with your profile and try to view it as if you were a very conservative professional recruiter. If you cringe, take it down. If it’s even just iffy, take it down.2. DiscriminationNo matter what your personal views, never ever ever post things which discriminate against any person or group on the basis of sex, gender, color, religion, etc., etc. No one will hire you if they thi nk you’re a bigot.3. Badmouthing your current employerâ€Å"Ugh work today sucks #fml† (or equivalent). If a recruiter sees you complaining about your job, your coworkers, or your boss†¦ forget about it. Save those complaints for happy hour with your out-of-work friends.4. Posting during work hoursThis might seem nit-picky, but recruiters might look at the time stamps of your posts. If you’re posting during work hours, they’ll take note. Stick to after hours and weekends for your social media sharing.5. Being a social media ghostConversely, recruiters might just be plain weirded out if you don’t have any social media presence. At very least, make sure you have a LinkedIn profile that’s searchable and recognizable as yours.6. Friending your interviewersJust because your interviewer is being super friendly and you have tons in common, resist the temptation to follow or friend them. This crosses unwritten boundaries and can make people su per uncomfortable. Wait until you get the job.7. Rehashing your interview  onlineOnce you’ve had your interview, resist the urge to post about how well/awful/catastrophic/fantastically it went. Chances are, they’ll see it and it won’t reflect favorably on you.

Creating a Homework Policy With Meaning and Purpose

Creating a Homework Policy With Meaning and Purpose We have all had time-consuming, monotonous, meaningless homework assigned to us at some point in our life. These assignments often lead to frustration and boredom and students learn virtually nothing from them. Teachers and schools must reevaluate how and why they assign homework to their students. Any assigned homework should have a purpose. Assigning homework with a purpose means that through completing the assignment, the student will be able to obtain new knowledge, a new skill, or have a new experience that they may not otherwise have. Homework should not consist of a rudimentary task that is being assigned simply for the sake of assigning something. Homework should be meaningful. It should be viewed as an opportunity to allow students to make real-life connections to the content that they are learning in the classroom. It should be given only as an opportunity to help increase their content knowledge in an area. Differentiate Learning for All Students Furthermore, teachers can utilize homework as an opportunity to differentiate learning for all students. Homework should rarely be given with a blanket one size fits all approach. Homework provides teachers with a significant opportunity to meet each student where they are and truly extend learning. A teacher can give their higher-level students more challenging assignments while also filling gaps for those students who may have fallen behind. Teachers who use homework as an opportunity to differentiate we not only see increased growth in their students, but they will also find they have more time in class to dedicate to whole group instruction. See Student Participation Increase Creating authentic and differentiated homework assignments can take more time for teachers to put together. As often is the case, extra effort is rewarded. Teachers who assign meaningful, differentiated, connected homework assignments not only see student participation increase, they also see an increase in student engagement. These rewards are worth the extra investment in time needed to construct these types of assignments. Schools must recognize the value in this approach. They should provide their teachers with professional development that gives them the tools to be successful in transitioning to assign homework that is differentiated with meaning and purpose. A schools homework policy should reflect this philosophy; ultimately guiding teachers to give their students reasonable, meaningful, purposeful homework assignments. Sample School Homework Policy Homework is defined as the time students spend outside the classroom in assigned learning activities. Anywhere Schools believes the purpose of homework should be to practice, reinforce, or apply acquired skills and knowledge. We also believe as research supports that moderate assignments completed and done well are more effective than lengthy or difficult ones done poorly. Homework serves to develop regular study skills and the ability to complete assignments independently. Anywhere Schools further believes completing homework is the responsibility of the student, and as students mature they are more able to work independently. Therefore, parents play a supportive role in monitoring completion of assignments, encouraging students’ efforts and providing a conducive environment for learning. Individualized Instruction Homework is an opportunity for teachers to provide individualized instruction geared specifically to an individual student. Anywhere Schools embraces the idea that each student is different and as such, each student has their own individual needs. We see homework as an opportunity to tailor lessons specifically for an individual student meeting them where they are and bringing them to where we want them to be.   Homework contributes toward building responsibility, self-discipline, and lifelong learning habits. It is the intention of the Anywhere School staff to assign relevant, challenging, meaningful, and purposeful homework assignments that reinforce classroom learning objectives. Homework should provide students with the opportunity to apply and extend the information they have learned complete unfinished class assignments, and develop independence. The actual time required to complete assignments will vary with each student’s study habits, academic skills, and selected course load. If your child is spending an inordinate amount of time doing homework, you should contact your child’s teachers.

Is the government justified in using capital punishment Research Paper

Is the government justified in using capital punishment - Research Paper Example The work that follows aims at showing that the government is not justified in using capital punishment to execute justice to offenders, though at some time it is necessary. Capital punishment is not the best method of dispensing justice to offenders. This is because it denies individuals of their constitutional rights. Various countries show their opposition to capital punishment and instead support a life sentence. A recent example is one portrayed by a number of Americans at Santa Cruz who voted against death penalty for a bombing suspect, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, against whom the authorities issued a death penalty (Rankin 1). The opponents, according to Russ Rankin in the Washington Times said that it is an outdated, ineffective and wasteful method of dispensing justice. In 1972, the United States suspended the use of capital punishment following a decision by the Supreme Court. This is an indication that it is not the best method of dispensing justice to offenders. Although the state r e-established death penalty, its popularity and implementation is decreasing, with only a few exceptions (Rankin 4). The method, as Rankin points has not proofed to be the best method to deter crime. On the contrary, it costs taxpayers in a state more to execute death punishment than life sentence (Rankin 5). The government is not justified to issue capital punishment because many of them may go against the rights of those convicted. For example, Lindsey Bever reporting in ‘the guardian’ talks of a 62-year old man, Graham, wrongfully sentenced to death but escapes through being shipped to a prison in California. After the US criminal justice system reinstated capital punishment since 1976, many people have lost their lives. As Bever points, it is hard to know the exact number of people who died for crimes they did not commit. As Graham reveals, discrimination reins in the American criminal justice system where people with little crimes would face execution while others with brutal offenses would be spared. In most cases, those accused of capital punishment are poor and cannot afford to fight for their rights. This happens because the people cannot hire a lawyer for themselves unless there is a counsel provision for them and most of them fight for their rights without legal documents. This is why there is a lot of discrimination in handling these cases given that those unable to pay for the cost fail to get justice. It makes it hard to justify government’s issuance of capital punishment as there is no justice rendered to those convicted. Most of the governments practicing capital punishments go against the rights of the individuals as provided in the constitution. Every individual, even those convicted to an offense have a right to life and it is against the constitution for the government to issue a capital punishment against them. However, there are circumstances under which capital punishment may seem the best method to implement justice. Depending on the weight of the offense, a government or a court may choose to execute capital punishment on the offender. For example, following the Delhi gang rape several factors made the court term the rape worthy for capital punishment. First, the court argued that those who committed the offense did it in an extremely brutal and revolting manner which raised an intense and extreme annoyance to the society (Baxi 3). The court directly links this brutal nature of the violence to the quantum of annoyance on the society.

Grammar teaching analysis in rural China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Grammar teaching analysis in rural China - Essay Example n 2002), and China following a history of more traditional teaching based on the grammar-translation method (GTM) started reforms within their middle and high schools and universities in the early 1990s by introducing CLT. The question is whether or not the introduction of CLT into the Chinese education system by the government has been successful in terms of teachers actually using such an approach for the teaching of grammar and whether they have the knowledge and ability to do so appropriately. Prior to the 1970s, the goals of teaching English was to impart correct, error free language; emphasis was placed more on form than on use, thus the Grammar Translation Method was very popular. As the name implies, focus was on the rules and structures of the language, used to translate from the mother tongue to the target language, and the oral/aural skills of listening and speaking were ignored in favour of reading and writing. Except for the period of the Cultural Revolution Chinese governments have been committed to the teaching of foreign languages and although Russian was popular for a while, English has been regarded by the new communist regime as significant to modernization (Ji Fengyuan 2004). The teaching of English has always been teacher, textbook and exam focused and so the GTM has been the ruling approach to the teaching of English, with students taking a passive role in the learning process. In traditional classrooms therefore, language learning is reduced to mastery of the grammar and lexicon, and students attain more knowledge of the language in terms of perfect grammatical structures reproduced in grammatical exercises and exams, than their ability to use it in real life. Led by British linguists such as Halliday and Firth and in reaction to GTM, CLT was advocated as the new method in language teaching, addressing the need to acquire communicative competence with natural exposure not teaching, to all four skill areas of reading, writing, listening